{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:01:24Z","timestamp":1790780484592,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Colombian Law 2374 of 2024 established a National Surgical Sterilization Program, expanding longstanding municipal initiatives such as those in Medell\u00edn, Colombia, which have sterilized up to 35,000 animals annually. However, limited research on the effects of frequent sterilization sessions and potential injuries raises concerns that large-scale public programs may compromise care quality and animal welfare. This Viewpoint examines iatrogenic harm and collateral suffering linked to high-volume spay-neuter campaigns from bioethical, regulatory, and technical perspectives. It analyzes structural factors that contribute to preventable harm to animals and veterinary personnel, assesses occupational safety measures, and proposes rigorous implementation criteria to ensure safe control of animal populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.05.0431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:49:19Z","timestamp":1790779759000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How should ethical, legal, and technical considerations be addressed to prevent iatrogenic complications in high-quality, high-volume, government-funded spay-and-neuter programs?"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5001-6540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ra\u00fal A.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Nodarse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OHVRI Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia"},{"name":"Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0842-3705","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan G.","family":"Maldonado-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OHVRI Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia"},{"name":"Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"165","article-title":"The Association of Shelter Veterinarians\u2019 2016 Veterinary Medical Care Guidelines for Spay-Neuter Programs","volume":"249","author":"Griffin B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Griffin B, Bushby PA, McCobb E,  The Association of Shelter Veterinarians\u2019 2016 Veterinary Medical Care Guidelines for Spay-Neuter Programs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;249(2):165-188. doi:10.2460\/javma.249.2.165"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2024","unstructured":"Law 2374 of 2024\u2014Establishing the National Surgical Sterilization Program for cats and dogs as an animal, environmental, and public health protection measure, and enacting other provisions. Congress of the Republic of Colombia. 2024. Accessed May 29, 2026. https:\/\/www.suin-juriscol.gov.co\/viewDocument.asp?id=30051847"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2026","unstructured":"Resolution 0229 of 2026\u2014By means of which Law 2374 of 2024 is regulated in relation to the National Program for Surgical Sterilization of Cats and Dogs and other provisions are issued. 2026. Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Republic of Colombia. 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