{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:34:56Z","timestamp":1787330096176,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a minimally invasive locoregional treatment that combines reversible electroporation with cytotoxic agents to enhance intracellular drug delivery. Although its efficacy is well established in cutaneous malignancies, its role in bone tumors has only recently been explored in veterinary medicine. This narrative review integrates preclinical evidence, human clinical data, and early veterinary experience with an original 4-case series to evaluate the translational potential of ECT in bone oncology. Preclinical studies demonstrate effective tumor ablation within bone while preserving extracellular matrix integrity and enabling bone tissue regeneration. Clinical studies in humans report consistent pain relief, meaningful local tumor control, and acceptable safety profiles, including in complex scenarios, such as radiotherapy-resistant metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. In contrast, veterinary evidence remains limited to isolated case reports, in part due to limited dedicated technologies. Taken together, available data suggest that ECT may represent a function-preserving alternative for selected bone tumors. Prospective studies are warranted to define its clinical role in veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.06.0439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:47:16Z","timestamp":1787327236000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility of bone-targeted electrochemotherapy for palliation of bone tumors in dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0510-9909","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zanasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IGEA SpA, Carpi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arbel","family":"Vigodny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Oncology Services, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Finotello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Link University, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimondo","family":"Tornago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Veterinario Meranese, Merano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cadossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IGEA SpA, Carpi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Impellizeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Oncology Services, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Impellizeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Oncology Services, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Eur J Cancer","first-page":"68","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy potentiation of antitumour effect of bleomycin by local electric pulses","volume":"27","author":"Mir LM","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mir LM, Orlowski S, Belehradek J Jr, Paoletti C. Electrochemotherapy potentiation of antitumour effect of bleomycin by local electric pulses. Eur J Cancer. 1991;27(1):68\u201372. doi:10.1016\/0277-5379(91)90064-k"},{"issue":"1167","key":"B2","series-title":"Br J Radiol","first-page":"313","article-title":"Reversible electroporation for cancer therapy","volume":"98","author":"Shiwani T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shiwani T, Singh Dhesi S, Wah TM. Reversible electroporation for cancer therapy. Br J Radiol. 2025;98(1167):313\u2013320. doi:10.1093\/bjr\/tqae231"},{"issue":"24","key":"B3","series-title":"Biochem Pharmacol","first-page":"4727","article-title":"Transient electropermeabilization of cells in culture: increase of the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs","volume":"37","author":"Orlowski S","year":"1988","unstructured":"Orlowski S, Belehradek J Jr, Paoletti C, Mir LM. Transient electropermeabilization of cells in culture: increase of the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988;37(24):4727\u20134733. doi:10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90344-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"B4","series-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","first-page":"729","article-title":"Antivascular effects of electrochemotherapy: implications in treatment of bleeding metastases","volume":"10","author":"Jarm T","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jarm T, Cemazar M, Miklavcic D, Sersa G. Antivascular effects of electrochemotherapy: implications in treatment of bleeding metastases. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2010;10(5):729\u2013746. doi:10.1586\/era.10.43"},{"issue":"10","key":"B5","series-title":"Curr Oncol","first-page":"6433","article-title":"Clinical insights and future prospects: a comprehensive narrative review on immunomodulation induced by electrochemotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Ferioli M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferioli M, Perrone AM, De Iaco P, et al. Clinical insights and future prospects: a comprehensive narrative review on immunomodulation induced by electrochemotherapy. Curr Oncol. 2024;31(10):6433\u20136444. doi:10.3390\/curroncol31100478"},{"issue":"4","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet Comp Oncol","first-page":"310","article-title":"Electro-gene-transfer as a new tool for cancer immunotherapy in animals","volume":"12","author":"Impellizeri JA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Impellizeri JA, Ciliberto G, Aurisicchio L. Electro-gene-transfer as a new tool for cancer immunotherapy in animals. Vet Comp Oncol. 2014;12(4):310\u2013318. doi:10.1111\/vco.12006"},{"issue":"5","key":"B7","series-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol","first-page":"109574","article-title":"Phase I trial of phIL12 plasmid intratumoral gene electrotransfer in patients with basal cell carcinoma in head and neck region","volume":"51","author":"Strojan P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Strojan P, Jesenko T, Omerzel M, et al. Phase I trial of phIL12 plasmid intratumoral gene electrotransfer in patients with basal cell carcinoma in head and neck region. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2025;51(5):109574. doi:10.1016\/j.ejso.2025.109574"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer","first-page":"189319","article-title":"Advancing cancer therapy: mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations of calcium electroporation","volume":"1880","author":"Szewczyk A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Szewczyk A, Baczy\u0144ska D, Choroma\u0144ska A, et al. Advancing cancer therapy: mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations of calcium electroporation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2025;1880(3):189319. doi:10.1016\/j.bbcan.2025.189319"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Electroporation in Veterinary Oncology Practice","first-page":"145","article-title":"Calcium electroporation in veterinary medicine","author":"Frandsen SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frandsen SK, Thoefner MS, Gehl J. Calcium electroporation in veterinary medicine. In: Impellizeri JA, ed. Electroporation in Veterinary Oncology Practice. Springer; 2021:145\u2013164. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-80668-2_6"},{"issue":"11","key":"B10","series-title":"Eur J Cancer Suppl","first-page":"3","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy \u2013 an easy, highly effective and safe treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases: results of the ESOPE study","volume":"4","author":"Marty M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marty M, Sersa G, Garbay JR, et al. Electrochemotherapy \u2013 an easy, highly effective and safe treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases: results of the ESOPE study. Eur J Cancer Suppl. 2006;4(11):3\u201313. doi:10.1016\/j.ejcsup.2006.08.002"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Electroporation in Veterinary Oncology Practice","first-page":"63","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology","author":"Tozon N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tozon N, Milevoj N, Impellizeri J. Electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology. In: Impellizeri JA, ed. Electroporation in Veterinary Oncology Practice. Springer; 2021:63\u2013112. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-80668-2_3"},{"issue":"116","key":"B12","series-title":"J Vis Exp","first-page":"54760","article-title":"Operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy for treatment of tumor in dogs and cats","author":"Tozon N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tozon N, Lampreht Tratar U, Znidar K, Sersa G, Teissie J, Cemazar M. Operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy for treatment of tumor in dogs and cats. J Vis Exp. 2016;(116):54760. doi:10.3791\/54760"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"868989","article-title":"Veterinary guidelines for electrochemotherapy of superficial tumors","author":"Tellado M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tellado M, Mir LM, Maglietti F. Veterinary guidelines for electrochemotherapy of superficial tumors. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:868989. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2022.868989"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Eur J Cancer","first-page":"30","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous malignancy: outcomes and subgroup analysis from the cumulative results from the pan-European International Network for Sharing Practice in Electrochemotherapy database for 2482 lesions in 987 patients (2008-2019)","author":"Clover AJP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clover AJP, de Terlizzi F, Bertino G, et al. Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous malignancy: outcomes and subgroup analysis from the cumulative results from the pan-European International Network for Sharing Practice in Electrochemotherapy database for 2482 lesions in 987 patients (2008-2019). Eur J Cancer. 2020;138:30\u201340. doi:10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.06.020"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat","first-page":"1533033818785329","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy as a new modality in interventional oncology: a review","author":"Probst U","year":"2018","unstructured":"Probst U, Fuhrmann I, Beyer L, Wiggermann P. Electrochemotherapy as a new modality in interventional oncology: a review. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2018;17:1533033818785329. doi:10.1177\/1533033818785329"},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol","first-page":"92","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy - emerging applications technical advances, new indications, combined approaches, and multi-institutional collaboration","volume":"45","author":"Campana LG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campana LG, Edhemovic I, Soden D, et al. Electrochemotherapy - emerging applications technical advances, new indications, combined approaches, and multi-institutional collaboration. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45(2):92\u2013102. doi:10.1016\/j.ejso.2018.11.023"},{"issue":"11","key":"B17","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"1614","article-title":"Ablation of bone cells by electroporation","volume":"92","author":"Fini M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fini M, Tschon M, Ronchetti M, et al. Ablation of bone cells by electroporation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92(11):1614\u20131620. doi:10.1302\/0301-620X.92B11.24664"},{"issue":"6","key":"B18","series-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat","first-page":"737","article-title":"Feasibility of electroporation in bone and in the surrounding clinically relevant structures: a preclinical investigation","volume":"15","author":"Tschon M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tschon M, Salamanna F, Ronchetti M, et al. Feasibility of electroporation in bone and in the surrounding clinically relevant structures: a preclinical investigation. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2016;15(6):737\u2013748. doi:10.1177\/1533034615604454"},{"issue":"8","key":"B19","series-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy is effective in the treatment of rat bone metastases","volume":"30","author":"Fini M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fini M, Salamanna F, Parrilli A, et al. Electrochemotherapy is effective in the treatment of rat bone metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2013;30(8):1033\u20131045. doi:10.1007\/s10585-013-9601-x"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Bull Yamagata Univ Med Sci","first-page":"9","article-title":"Efficacy of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin to the murine osteosarcoma model","author":"Ishikawa A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ishikawa A, Tsuchiya T, Sugawara M, Takagi M. Efficacy of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin to the murine osteosarcoma model. Bull Yamagata Univ Med Sci. 2015;33:9\u201315."},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","series-title":"Eur Radiol Exp","first-page":"84","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy of spinal metastasis using transpedicular approach: a preclinical safety animal study","volume":"9","author":"Deschamps F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deschamps F, Gautreau E, Tselikas L, et al. Electrochemotherapy of spinal metastasis using transpedicular approach: a preclinical safety animal study. Eur Radiol Exp. 2025;9(1):84. doi:10.1186\/s41747-025-00607-9"},{"issue":"8","key":"B22","series-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol","first-page":"862","article-title":"Interventional management of malignant bone tumours","volume":"67","author":"Cazzato RL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cazzato RL, Garnon J, Jennings JW, Gangi A. Interventional management of malignant bone tumours. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2023;67(8):862\u2013869. doi:10.1111\/1754-9485.13587"},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"Curr Oncol","first-page":"143","article-title":"The rising power of electrochemotherapy in musculoskeletal oncology","volume":"33","author":"Papalexis N","year":"2026","unstructured":"Papalexis N, Peta G, Quarchioni S, et al. The rising power of electrochemotherapy in musculoskeletal oncology. Curr Oncol. 2026;33(3):143. doi:10.3390\/curroncol33030143"},{"issue":"19","key":"B24","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"6150","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of bone metastases: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Bocchi MB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bocchi MB, Meschini C, Pietramala S, et al. Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of bone metastases: a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2023;12(19):6150. doi:10.3390\/jcm12196150"},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Eur J Cancer","first-page":"62","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in radiotherapy-resistant epidural spinal cord compression in metastatic cancer patients","author":"Deschamps F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deschamps F, Tselikas L, Yevich S, et al. Electrochemotherapy in radiotherapy-resistant epidural spinal cord compression in metastatic cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2023;186:62\u201368. doi:10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.03.012"},{"issue":"1170","key":"B26","series-title":"Br J Radiol","first-page":"828","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in metastatic epidural spinal cord compression: a review and technical update","volume":"98","author":"Deschamps F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deschamps F, Tselikas L, Cazzato RL, et al. Electrochemotherapy in metastatic epidural spinal cord compression: a review and technical update. Br J Radiol. 2025;98(1170):828\u2013839. doi:10.1093\/bjr\/tqae219"},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Methods Mol Biol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-194-9_24","article-title":"Intratumoral bleomycin and IL-12 electrochemogenetherapy for treating head and neck tumors in dogs","author":"Cutrera J","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cutrera J, Torrero MN, Shiomitsu K, Mauldin N, Li S. Intratumoral bleomycin and IL-12 electrochemogenetherapy for treating head and neck tumors in dogs. Methods Mol Biol. 2008;423:319\u2013325. doi:10.1007\/978-1-59745-194-9_24"},{"issue":"3","key":"B28","series-title":"Artif Organs","first-page":"309","article-title":"Adjuvant electrochemotherapy after debulking in canine bone osteosarcoma infiltration","volume":"45","author":"Martins Taques M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martins Taques M, Guedert R, Moreno K, Monte Mor Rangel M, Ota Hisayasu Suzuki D. Adjuvant electrochemotherapy after debulking in canine bone osteosarcoma infiltration. Artif Organs. 2021;45(3):309\u2013315. doi:10.1111\/aor.13820"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Braz J Vet Med","first-page":"e011225","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of maxillary multilobular bone tumor in a dog: clinical, histopathological, and tomographic findings","author":"Martins PO","year":"2026","unstructured":"Martins PO, de Souza GF, Holanda AGA, Dos Anjos DS. Electrochemotherapy in the treatment of maxillary multilobular bone tumor in a dog: clinical, histopathological, and tomographic findings. Braz J Vet Med. 2026;48:e011225. doi:10.29374\/2527-2179.bjvm011225"},{"issue":"1","key":"B30","series-title":"Radiol Oncol","first-page":"68","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in treatment of canine oral malignant melanoma and factors influencing treatment outcome","volume":"54","author":"Tellado MN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tellado MN, Maglietti FH, Michinski SD, Marshall GR, Signori E. Electrochemotherapy in treatment of canine oral malignant melanoma and factors influencing treatment outcome. Radiol Oncol. 2020;54(1):68\u201378. doi:10.2478\/raon-2020-0014"},{"key":"B31","series-title":"26th ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering (COBEM 2021)","article-title":"Computational study of electric field treatment at bone-neighboring tumors","unstructured":"Pagano PJT, da Silva JR, de Andrade DLLS, Pintarelli GB, Rodrigues JF, Suzuki DOH. Computational study of electric field treatment at bone-neighboring tumors. Presented at: 26th ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering (COBEM 2021); November 22\u201326, 2021; Florian\u00f3polis, Brazil."},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","first-page":"104120","article-title":"Novel tetrapolar single-needle electrode for electrochemotherapy in bone cavities: modeling, design and validation","author":"Lopes LB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lopes LB, Pintarelli GB, Guedert R, et al. Novel tetrapolar single-needle electrode for electrochemotherapy in bone cavities: modeling, design and validation. Med Eng Phys. 2024;125:104120. doi:10.1016\/j.medengphy.2024.104120"},{"key":"B33","series-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)","first-page":"1627296","article-title":"Application of a new coaxial bipolar electrode for the treatment of vertebral metastases: a pilot study in an ovine model","author":"Salamanna F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salamanna F, Tschon M, Tedesco G, et al. Application of a new coaxial bipolar electrode for the treatment of vertebral metastases: a pilot study in an ovine model. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025;12:1627296. doi:10.3389\/fmed.2025.1627296"},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"1813360","article-title":"The use of a bipolar single-needle electrode for electrochemotherapy combined with gene electrotransfer of IL-12 in a mast cell tumor on the nasal planum of a dog: case report","author":"Lampreht Tratar U","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lampreht Tratar U, Svara T, Cemazar M, Sersa G, Tozon Mask N. The use of a bipolar single-needle electrode for electrochemotherapy combined with gene electrotransfer of IL-12 in a mast cell tumor on the nasal planum of a dog: case report. Front Vet Sci. 2026;13:1813360. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2026.1813360"},{"issue":"9","key":"B35","series-title":"Biology (Basel)","first-page":"303","article-title":"Design and characterization of a minimally invasive bipolar electrode for electroporation","volume":"9","author":"Merola G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merola G, Fusco R, Di Bernardo E, et al. Design and characterization of a minimally invasive bipolar electrode for electroporation. Biology (Basel). 2020;9(9):303. doi:10.3390\/biology9090303"},{"issue":"4","key":"B36","series-title":"Radiol Oncol","first-page":"422","article-title":"Minimally invasive electrochemotherapy procedure for treating nasal duct tumors in dogs using a single needle electrode","volume":"51","author":"Maglietti F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maglietti F, Tellado M, Olaiz N, Michinski S, Marshall G. Minimally invasive electrochemotherapy procedure for treating nasal duct tumors in dogs using a single needle electrode. Radiol Oncol. 2017;51(4):422\u2013430. doi:10.1515\/raon-2017-0043"},{"issue":"7","key":"B37","series-title":"Acta Oncol","first-page":"874","article-title":"Updated standard operating procedures for electrochemotherapy of cutaneous tumours and skin metastases","volume":"57","author":"Gehl J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gehl J, Sersa G, Matthiessen LW, et al. Updated standard operating procedures for electrochemotherapy of cutaneous tumours and skin metastases. Acta Oncol. 2018;57(7):874\u2013882. doi:10.1080\/0284186X.2018.1454602"},{"issue":"11","key":"B38","series-title":"Eur J Cancer Suppl","first-page":"14","article-title":"Standard operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy: instructions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by the Cliniporator by means of invasive or non-invasive electrodes","volume":"4","author":"Mir LM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mir LM, Gehl J, Sersa G, et al. Standard operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy: instructions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by the Cliniporator by means of invasive or non-invasive electrodes. Eur J Cancer Suppl. 2006;4(11):14\u201325. doi:10.1016\/j.ejcsup.2006.08.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"B39","series-title":"J Transl Med","first-page":"349","article-title":"Tel-eVax: a genetic vaccine targeting telomerase for treatment of canine lymphoma","volume":"16","author":"Impellizeri JA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Impellizeri JA, Gavazza A, Greissworth E, et al. Tel-eVax: a genetic vaccine targeting telomerase for treatment of canine lymphoma. J Transl Med. 2018;16(1):349. doi:10.1186\/s12967-018-1738-6"},{"key":"B40","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","article-title":"vetInspECT: a platform for the multicentric evaluation of treatment response after electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology - feline tumors","author":"Tozon Mask N","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tozon Mask N, Lampreht Tratar U, Milevoj N, et al. vetInspECT: a platform for the multicentric evaluation of treatment response after electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology - feline tumors. BMC Vet Res. Published online June 4, 2026. doi:10.1186\/s12917-026-05605-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.06.0439\/javma.26.06.0439.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.06.0439\/javma.26.06.0439.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:47:22Z","timestamp":1787327242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/aop\/javma.26.06.0439\/javma.26.06.0439.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.26.06.0439","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}