{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:07:14Z","timestamp":1788880034907,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a well-established local cancer treatment that combines the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs with the application of short electric pulses to enhance intracellular drug uptake. Over the past 3 decades, ECT has become an accepted therapeutic modality in both human and veterinary oncology for the treatment of a wide range of superficial and deep-seated tumors. Although favorable response rates have been reported across many tumor types, treatment outcomes remain variable among patients and neoplasms. Currently, patient selection is based primarily on clinical and pathological factors, while validated predictive biomarkers are lacking. This review summarizes the evidence regarding factors influencing ECT response in veterinary oncology, including tumor histotype, size, local invasiveness, clinical stage, previous treatments, immunohistochemical and molecular markers, and tumor blood perfusion. Available data indicate that smaller tumors, lower disease burden, and earlier intervention are associated with improved outcomes, whereas recurrent and advanced-stage tumors show reduced responsiveness. Future research integrating molecular profiling, immune characterization, functional imaging, and liquid biopsy approaches may facilitate the development of predictive biomarkers and support a more personalized application of ECT in veterinary cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.06.0528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:20:09Z","timestamp":1788877209000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and pathological factors guide patient selection for electrochemotherapy in veterinary oncology in the absence of validated biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-4574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ur\u0161a","family":"Lampreht Tratar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana,, Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-1928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maja","family":"\u010cema\u017ear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7641-5670","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregor","family":"Ser\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9831-992X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Tozon Mask","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana,, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"Radiol Oncol","first-page":"233","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy for basal cell carcinoma in the head and neck region: 5-year follow-up from the Insp-ECT registry","volume":"59","author":"Groselj A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Groselj A, Bertino G, Minuti M, et al. Electrochemotherapy for basal cell carcinoma in the head and neck region: 5-year follow-up from the Insp-ECT registry. Radiol Oncol. 2025;59(2):233\u2013243. doi:10.2478\/RAON-2025-0040"},{"issue":"1","key":"B2","series-title":"Radiol Oncol","first-page":"51","article-title":"The equivalence of different types of electric pulses for electrochemotherapy with cisplatin \u2212 an in vitro study","volume":"58","author":"Scuderi M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scuderi M, Dermol-Cern J, Scancar J, Markovic S, Rems L, Miklavcic D. The equivalence of different types of electric pulses for electrochemotherapy with cisplatin \u2212 an in vitro study. Radiol Oncol. 2024;58(1):51. doi:10.2478\/RAON-2024-0005"},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"Bioelectricity","first-page":"204","article-title":"Recent advances in electrochemotherapy","volume":"1","author":"Cemazar M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cemazar M, Sersa G. Recent advances in electrochemotherapy. 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Electro\u00ad\u00adchemotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous malignancy: outcomes and subgroup analysis from the cumulative results from the pan-European International Network for Sharing Practice in Electrochemotherapy database for 2482 lesions in 987 patients (2008\u20132019). Eur J Cancer. 2020;138:30\u201340. doi:10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.06.020"},{"issue":"8","key":"B8","series-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol","first-page":"1836","article-title":"Biological factors of the tumour response to electrochemotherapy: review of the evidence and a research roadmap","volume":"47","author":"Sersa G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sersa G, Ursic K, Cemazar M, Heller R, Bosnjak M, Campana LG. Biological factors of the tumour response to electrochemotherapy: review of the evidence and a research roadmap. 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