{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:01:58Z","timestamp":1791471718576,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumors in elephants present substantial therapeutic challenges because of their large size, anatomical complexity, and the risks associated with surgical intervention. Targeted electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as an effective local treatment modality in both human and veterinary oncology. However, its application in exotic species has been rarely reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>Animal<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An adult female Asian elephant (\n                      <jats:italic>Elephas maximus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) housed at the El Paso Zoo in Texas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Presentation, Progression, and Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The elephant was diagnosed with a large solid tumor considered unsuitable for conventional surgical management. The animal underwent 6 cycles of ECT consisting of intratumoral bleomycin administration followed by the delivery of electric pulses according to established veterinary ECT protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment was well tolerated, with no clinically apparent adverse effects. Effective tumor reduction was observed in response to the first 3 ECT treatments, resulting in sustained local tumor control for more than 1 year. Electrochemotherapy was feasible, safe, and clinically effective in achieving prolonged local tumor control in an Asian elephant with mammary adenocarcinoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first report describing the use of ECT in an elephant for the treatment of a large solid tumor. The favorable clinical outcome and absence of significant adverse effects support the feasibility and potential utility of ECT as a minimally invasive treatment option for neoplastic diseases in elephants and other exotic species. Furthermore, this case exemplifies a reverse translational approach in which therapeutic strategies established in human oncology are successfully adapted to veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.26.08.0662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:48:42Z","timestamp":1791470922000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrochemotherapy achieved prolonged local control of mammary adenocarcinoma in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Impellizeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Oncology Services, Long Island City, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Di Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Alliance Radiation Oncology, Royal Palm Beach, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria E.","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misty M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Millanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Oncology Services, Long Island City, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa B.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Oncology Services, Long Island City, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Conforti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Takis Biotech, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Evvivax Biotech, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3110-4534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luigi","family":"Aurisicchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Takis Biotech, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Evvivax Biotech, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Vitares, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Eur J Cancer Suppl","first-page":"3","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy: an easy, highly effective, and safe treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases; results of the ESOPE study","volume":"4","author":"Marty M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marty M, Sersa G, Garbay JR, Gehl J, Collins CG, Snoj M. Electrochemotherapy: an easy, highly effective, and safe treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases; results of the ESOPE study. Eur J Cancer Suppl. 2006;4(11):3\u201313. doi:10.1016\/j.ejcsup.2006.08.002"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Eur J Cancer Suppl","first-page":"14","article-title":"Standard operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy: instructions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by Cliniporator\u2122 by means of invasive or noninvasive electrodes","author":"Mir LM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mir LM, Gehl J, Sersa G, et al. Standard operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy: instructions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by Cliniporator\u2122 by means of invasive or noninvasive electrodes. Eur J Cancer Suppl. 2006;4:14\u201325. doi:10.1016\/j.ejcsup.2006.08.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"Radiol Oncol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for improving the quality of reporting clinical electrochemotherapy studies based on qualitative systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Campana LG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Campana LG, Clover AJ, Valpione S, et al. Recommendations for improving the quality of reporting clinical electrochemotherapy studies based on qualitative systematic review. Radiol Oncol. 2016;50(1):1\u201313. doi:10.1515\/raon-2016-0006"},{"issue":"6B","key":"B4","series-title":"Anticancer Res","first-page":"4585","article-title":"Adjuvant electrochemotherapy for the treatment of incompletely resected canine mast cell tumors","volume":"26","author":"Spugnini EP","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spugnini EP, Vincenzi B, Baldi F, Citro G, Baldi A. Adjuvant electrochemotherapy for the treatment of incompletely resected canine mast cell tumors. Anticancer Res. 2006;26(6B):4585\u20134589."},{"issue":"2A","key":"B5","series-title":"Anticancer Res","first-page":"839","article-title":"Effective treatment of perianal tumors in dogs with electrochemotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Tozon N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tozon N, Kodre V, Sersa G, Cemazar M. Effective treatment of perianal tumors in dogs with electrochemotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2005;25(2A):839\u2013845."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"18","article-title":"Electroporation in veterinary oncology","author":"Impellizeri J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Impellizeri J, Aurisicchio L, Forde P, Soden DM. Electroporation in veterinary oncology. 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