{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T16:45:56Z","timestamp":1786812356832,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MRMS","magn reson med sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.rev.2026-0008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:10:05Z","timestamp":1780351805000},"page":"n\/a","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MR Imaging\/Ultrasound Fusion\u2013Guided Biopsy and Primary Focal Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.2463","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Fujihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Shiraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyoto Min-iren Chuo Hospital, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatsugu","family":"Miyashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bunta","family":"Tokuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Ukimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1295","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. National Cancer Center Japan CIS. Projected Cancer Statistics in Japan, 2024: Prostate cancer incidence estimates. 2024."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Saito E, Hori M, Matsuda T, Yoneoka D, Ito Y, Katanoda K. Long-term trends in prostate cancer incidence by stage at diagnosis in Japan using the multiple imputation approach, 1993\u20132014. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1222\u20131228.","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-1228"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Taira J, Kawatoko K, Takamatsu D, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of total and latent prostate cancer over half a century according to consecutive autopsy cases in a Japanese community: The Hisayama study. Eur Urol Open Sci 2025; 78:9\u201315.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2025.05.013"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4. Cancer Information Service, National Cancer Center, Japan. Cancer Statistics in Japan 2024 (Data). 5-year relative survival rate, data from population-based cancer registries (diagnosed in 2009\u20132011). (Table: Prostate\u2014Localized 5-year relative survival 100.0%). Japan EBoCSi. Tokyo; 2025."},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Kratzer TB, Mazzitelli N, Star J, Dahut WL, Jemal A, Siegel RL. Prostate cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin 2025; 75:485\u2013497.","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70028"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Lane JA, Donovan JL, Young GJ, et al. Functional and quality of life outcomes of localised prostate cancer treatments (Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment [ProtecT] study). BJU Int 2022; 130:370\u2013380.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15739"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Stamey TA, Freiha FS, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Whittemore AS, Schmid HP. Localized prostate cancer. Relationship of tumor volume to clinical significance for treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer 1993; 71(Suppl):933\u2013938.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930201)71:3+<933::AID-CNCR2820711408>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. F\u00fctterer JJ, Briganti A, De Visschere P, et al. Can clinically significant prostate cancer be detected with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging? A systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol 2015; 68:1045\u20131053.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.01.013"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Kasivisvanathan V, Rannikko AS, Borghi M, et al. MRI-targeted or standard biopsy for prostate-cancer diagnosis. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1767\u20131777.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801993"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Ahdoot M, Wilbur AR, Reese SE, et al. MRI-targeted, systematic, and combined biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:917\u2013928.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910038"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Weinreb JC, Barentsz JO, Choyke PL, et al. PI-RADS prostate imaging\u2013reporting and data system: 2015, version 2. Eur Urol 2016; 69:16\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.08.052"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Turkbey B, Rosenkrantz AB, Haider MA, et al. Prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2.1: 2019 update of prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2. Eur Urol 2019; 76:340\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.02.033"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Oerther B, Engel H, Bamberg F, Sigle A, Gratzke C, Benndorf M. Cancer detection rates of the PI-RADSv2. 1 assessment categories: Systematic review and meta-analysis on lesion level and patient level. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:256\u2013263.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-021-00417-1"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Ahmed HU, El-Shater Bosaily A, Brown LC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): A paired validating confirmatory study. Lancet 2017; 389:815\u2013822.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32401-1"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Rosario DJ, Walton TJ, Kennish SJ. In-bore multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsy: As good as it gets? Eur Urol 2019; 75:579\u2013581.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.001"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Lee DJ, Recabal P, Sjoberg DD, et al. Comparative effectiveness of targeted prostate biopsy using magnetic resonance imaging ultrasound fusion software and visual targeting: A prospective study. J Urol 2016; 196:697\u2013702.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.03.149"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Yamada Y, Shiraishi T, Ueno A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging\u2010guided targeted prostate biopsy: Comparison between computer\u2010software\u2010based fusion versus cognitive fusion technique in biopsy\u2010na\u00efve patients. Int J Urol 2020; 27:67\u201371.","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14127"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Wegelin O, van Melick HH, Hooft L, et al. Comparing three different techniques for magnetic resonance imaging-targeted prostate biopsies: A systematic review of in-bore versus magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound fusion versus cognitive registration. Is there a preferred technique? Eur Urol 2017; 71:517\u2013531.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.07.041"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Klotz L, Lughezzani G, Maffei D, et al. Comparison of micro-ultrasound and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer: A multicenter, prospective analysis. Can Urol Assoc J 2021; 15:E11\u201316.","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.6712"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Lughezzani G, Saita A, Lazzeri M, et al. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of micro-ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging\/ultrasound fusion targeted biopsies for the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 2019; 2:329\u2013332.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2018.10.001"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Venderink W, de Rooij M, Sedelaar JPM, Huisman HJ, F\u00fctterer JJ. Elastic versus rigid image registration in magnetic resonance imaging\u2013transrectal ultrasound fusion prostate biopsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus 2018; 4:219\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2016.07.003"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Yamada Y, Fujihara A, Shiraishi T, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging\/transrectal ultrasound fusion\u2010targeted prostate biopsy using three\u2010dimensional ultrasound\u2010based organ\u2010tracking technology: Initial experience in Japan. Int J Urol 2019; 26:544\u2013549.","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13924"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Ukimura O, Marien A, Palmer S, et al. Trans-rectal ultrasound visibility of prostate lesions identified by magnetic resonance imaging increases accuracy of image-fusion targeted biopsies. World J Urol 2015; 33:1669\u20131676.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-015-1501-z"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Ukimura O, Desai MM, Palmer S, et al. 3-Dimensional elastic registration system of prostate biopsy location by real-time 3-dimensional transrectal ultrasound guidance with magnetic resonance\/transrectal ultrasound image fusion. J Urol 2012; 187:1080\u20131086.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.10.124"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Mendhiratta N, Rosenkrantz AB, Meng X, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion targeted prostate biopsy in a consecutive cohort of men with no previous biopsy: Reduction of over detection through improved risk stratification. J Urol 2015; 194:1601\u20131606.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.06.078"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Siddiqui MM, Rais-Bahrami S, Turkbey B, et al. Comparison of MR\/ultrasound fusion\u2013guided biopsy with ultrasound-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. JAMA 2015; 313:390\u2013397.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.17942"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Filson CP, Natarajan S, Margolis DJ, et al. Prostate cancer detection with magnetic resonance\u2010ultrasound fusion biopsy: The role of systematic and targeted biopsies. Cancer 2016; 122:884\u2013892.","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29874"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Klotz L, Chin J, Black PC, et al. Comparison of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging\u2013targeted biopsy with systematic transrectal ultrasonography biopsy for biopsy-naive men at risk for prostate cancer: A phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2021; 7:534\u2013542.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.7589"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Kurokawa G, Mori K, Sasaki H, et al. Effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging\/ultrasound-guided target biopsy in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer. Anticancer Res 2024; 44:679\u2013686.","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.16858"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Hakozaki Y, Matsushima H, Murata T, et al. Detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer in magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography-fusion transperineal targeted biopsy for lesions with a prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2 score of 3\u20135. Int J Urol 2019; 26:217\u2013222.","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13842"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Goel S, Shoag JE, Gross MD, et al. Concordance between biopsy and radical prostatectomy pathology in the era of targeted biopsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol 2020; 3:10\u201320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2019.08.001"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Adamy A, Yee DS, Matsushita K, et al. Role of prostate specific antigen and immediate confirmatory biopsy in predicting progression during active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer. J Urol 2011; 185:477\u2013482.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.09.095"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Bul M, Zhu X, Valdagni R, et al. Active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer worldwide: The PRIAS study. Eur Urol 2013; 63:597\u2013603.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.11.005"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Cary KC, Cowan JE, Sanford M, et al. Predictors of pathologic progression on biopsy among men on active surveillance for localized prostate cancer: The value of the pattern of surveillance biopsies. Eur Urol 2014; 66:337\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.08.060"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Ukimura O, Gross ME, de Castro Abreu AL, et al. A novel technique using three\u2010dimensionally documented biopsy mapping allows precise re\u2010visiting of prostate cancer foci with serial surveillance of cell cycle progression gene panel. Prostate 2015; 75:863\u2013871.","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22969"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Palapattu GS, Salami SS, Cani AK, et al. Molecular profiling to determine clonality of serial magnetic resonance imaging\/ultrasound fusion biopsies from men on active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:985\u2013991.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1454"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Abreu AL, Kaneko M, Cacciamani GE, Lebastchi AH. Focal therapy for prostate cancer: Getting ready for prime time. Eur Urol 2022; 81:34-36.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.10.005"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Lebastchi AH, George AK, Polascik TJ, et al. Standardized nomenclature and surveillance methodologies after focal therapy and partial gland ablation for localized prostate cancer: An international multidisciplinary consensus. Eur Urol 2020; 78:371\u2013378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.05.018"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Fujihara A, Ukimura O. Virtual reality of three-dimensional surgical field for surgical planning and intraoperative management. World J Urol 2022; 40:687\u2013696.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-021-03841-z"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Fujihara A, Shiraishi T, Horiguchi G, et al. Clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of percutaneous prostate cancer lesion-targeted microwave tissue coagulation for prostate functional preservation: MicroPro2. Int J Surg Protoc 2025; 29:93\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1097\/SP9.0000000000000051"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Shoji S, Hiraiwa S, Uemura K, et al. Focal therapy with high-intensity focused ultrasound for the localized prostate cancer for Asian based on the localization with MRI-TRUS fusion image-guided transperineal biopsy and 12-cores transperineal systematic biopsy: Prospective analysis of oncological and functional outcomes. Int J Clin Oncol 2020; 25:1844\u20131853.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-020-01723-9"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Shoji S, Naruse J, Ohno S, et al. Focal therapy using high-intensity focused ultrasound with intraoperative prostate compression for patients with localized prostate cancer: A multi-center prospective study with 7 year experience. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2025; 28:782\u2013788.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00921-0"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. Tay KJ, Fong KY, Stabile A, et al. Established focal therapy-HIFU, IRE, or cryotherapy-where are we now?-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2025; 28:693\u2013706.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00911-2"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. de la Rosette J, Ahmed H, Barentsz J, et al. Focal therapy in prostate cancer\u2014report from a consensus panel. J Endourol 2010; 24:775\u2013780.","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2009.0596"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45. Eastham JA, Auffenberg GB, Barocas DA, et al. Clinically localized prostate cancer: AUA\/ASTRO guideline, part II: Principles of active surveillance, principles of surgery, and follow-up. J Urol 2022; 208:19\u201325.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002758"},{"key":"46","unstructured":"46. Schaeffer EM, Srinivas S, Adra N, et al. NCCN Guidelines\u00ae insights: Prostate cancer, version 1.2023: Featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022; 20:1288\u20131298."},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47. Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, et al. 10-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1415\u20131424.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606220"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48. Tay KJ, Scheltema M, Ahmed H, et al. Patient selection for prostate focal therapy in the era of active surveillance: An International Delphi Consensus Project. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 20:294\u2013299.","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2017.8"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Ghoreifi A, Gomella L, Hu JC, et al. Identifying the best candidate for focal therapy: A comprehensive review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2025; 28:684\u2013692.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00907-y"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50. Muthigi A, George AK, Sidana A, et al. Missing the mark: Prostate cancer upgrading by systematic biopsy over magnetic resonance imaging\/transrectal ultrasound fusion biopsy. J Urol 2017; 197:327\u2013334.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.08.097"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51. Ouzzane A, Helfrich O, Le Nobin J, Puech P, Betrouni N, Villers A. Understanding the pathological implications of MRI: Application to focal therapy planning. Curr Opin Urol 2015; 25:198\u2013204.","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000166"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. Valerio M, Cerantola Y, Eggener SE, et al. New and established technology in focal ablation of the prostate: A systematic review. Eur Urol 2017; 71:17\u201334.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.08.044"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Ahmed HU, Freeman A, Kirkham A, et al. Focal therapy for localized prostate cancer: A phase I\/II trial. J Urol 2011; 185:1246\u20131254.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.11.079"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54. Ashrafi AN, Tafuri A, Cacciamani GE, Park D, de Castro Abreu AL, Gill IS. Focal therapy for prostate cancer: Concepts and future directions. Curr Opin Urol 2018; 28:536\u2013543.","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000539"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55. Bahn DK, Silverman P, Lee F Sr., Badalament R, Bahn ED, Rewcastle JC. Focal prostate cryoablation: Initial results show cancer control and potency preservation. J Endourol 2006; 20:688\u2013692.","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2006.20.688"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56. Ta M-H, Nunes-Silva I, Barret E, et al. Focal brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer: Midterm outcomes. Pract Radiat Oncol 2021; 11:e477\u2013e485.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2020.12.005"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"57. Boku H, Kaneko M, Yamada Y, et al. Microwave focal therapy of prostate cancer: A non-clinical study and exploratory clinical trial. BJU Int 2022; 130:776\u2013785.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15749"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"58. Delongchamps NB, Peltier A, Potiron E, et al. Targeted microwave ablation of localised prostate cancer: Initial results of VIOLETTE trial. BJUI Compass 2024; 5:1307\u20131313.","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.444"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59. Peach MS, Trifiletti DM, Libby B. Systematic review of focal prostate brachytherapy and the future implementation of image-guided prostate HDR brachytherapy using MR-ultrasound fusion. Prostate Cancer 2016; 2016:4754031.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4754031"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60. Bushati Y, Guo AA, Muston BT, et al. Focal laser ablation in prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int 2026; 137:251\u2013259.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.70064"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61. Matsuoka Y, Uehara S, Toda K, et al. Focal brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer: 5.7-year clinical outcomes and a pair-matched study with radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:161.e15\u2013161.e23.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2021.11.009"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62. Prada PJ, Cardenal J, Garcia Blanco A, et al. Focal high-dose-rate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer: Toxicity and preliminary biochemical results. Strahlenther Onkol 2020; 196:222\u2013228.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-019-01561-3"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"63. Stabile A, Orczyk C, Hosking-Jervis F, et al. Medium-term oncological outcomes in a large cohort of men treated with either focal or hemi-ablation using high-intensity focused ultrasonography for primary localized prostate cancer. BJU Int 2019; 124:431\u2013440.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14710"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"64. Johnston MJ, Emara A, Noureldin M, Bott S, Hindley RG. Focal high-intensity focussed ultrasound partial gland ablation for the treatment of localised prostate cancer: A report of medium-term outcomes from a single-center in the United Kingdom. Urology 2019; 133:175\u2013181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.06.043"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65. Abreu AL, Peretsman S, Iwata A, et al. High intensity focused ultrasound hemigland ablation for prostate cancer: Initial outcomes of a United States series. J Urol 2020; 204:741\u2013747.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001126"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"66. Tourinho-Barbosa RR, Sanchez-Salas R, Claros OR, et al. Focal therapy for localized prostate cancer with either high intensity focused ultrasound or cryoablation: A single institution experience. J Urol 2020; 203:320\u2013330.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000506"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"67. Bass R, Fleshner N, Finelli A, Barkin J, Zhang L, Klotz L. Oncologic and functional outcomes of partial gland ablation with high intensity focused ultrasound for localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2019; 201:113\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2018.07.040"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68. Dellabella M, Branchi A, Di Rosa M, et al. Oncological and functional outcome after partial prostate HIFU ablation with Focal-One((R)): A prospective single-center study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:1189\u20131197.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-021-00390-9"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69. Huber PM, Afzal N, Arya M, et al. Focal HIFU therapy for anterior compared to posterior prostate cancer lesions. World J Urol 2021; 39:1115\u20131119.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-020-03297-7"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70. Reddy D, Peters M, Shah TT, et al. Cancer control outcomes following focal therapy using high-intensity focused ultrasound in 1379 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer: A multi-institute 15-year experience. Eur Urol 2022; 81:407\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.05.035"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71. Ehdaie B, Tempany CM, Holland F, et al. MRI-guided focused ultrasound focal therapy for patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer: A phase 2b, multicentre study. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:910\u2013918.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00251-0"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"72. Habashy D, Reddy D, Peters M, et al. Evaluation of outcomes following focal ablative therapy for treatment of localized clinically significant prostate cancer in patients &gt;70 years: A multi-institute, multi-energy 15-year experience. J Urol 2023; 210:108\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003443"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73. Ladjevardi S, Ebner A, Femic A, et al. Focal high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for localized prostate cancer: An interim analysis of the multinational FASST study. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14192.","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14192"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74. Shah TT, Peters M, Eldred-Evans D, et al. Early-medium-term outcomes of primary focal cryotherapy to treat nonmetastatic clinically significant prostate cancer from a prospective multicentre registry. Eur Urol 2019; 76:98\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.12.030"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"75. Oishi M, Gill IS, Tafuri A, et al. Hemigland cryoablation of localized low, intermediate and high risk prostate cancer: Oncologic and functional outcomes at 5 years. J Urol 2019; 202:1188\u20131198.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000456"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"76. Aker MN, Brisbane WG, Kwan L, et al. Cryotherapy for partial gland ablation of prostate cancer: Oncologic and safety outcomes. Cancer Med 2023; 12:9351\u20139362.","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5692"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77. Wysock JS, Rapoport E, Hernandez H, Gogaj R, Lepor H. Biopsy assessment of oncologic control 3 years following primary partial gland cryoablation: a prospective cohort study of men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer. J Urol 2023; 210:454\u2013464.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003569"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"78. Khan A, Khan AU, Siref L, Feloney M. Focal cryoablation of the prostate: Primary treatment in 163 patients with localized prostate cancer. Cureus 2023; 15:e37172.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37172"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"79. Selvaggio O, Finati M, Falagario UG, et al. Treatment of localized prostate cancer in elderly patients: The role of partial cryoablation. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:1125\u20131132.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-023-03519-y"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"80. Bianco FJ, Martinez-Salamanca JI, Lopez Prieto A, et al. Natural history of patients undergoing transperineal fusion biopsies to transperineal fusion cryoablation: 5-year outcomes. J Endourol 2025; 39(S2):S3\u2013S12.","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2024.0864"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"81. Lepor H, Rapoport E, Tafa M, Gogaj R, Wysock JS. Five-year oncologic outcomes following primary partial gland cryo-ablation prospective cohort study of men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Urology 2025; 196:189\u2013195.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2024.10.039"},{"key":"82","unstructured":"82. Madersbacher S, Pedevilla M, Vingers L, Susani M, Marberger M. Effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound on human prostate cancer in vivo. Cancer Res 1995; 55:3346\u20133351."},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"83. Guillaumier S, Peters M, Arya M, et al. A multicentre study of 5-year outcomes following focal therapy in treating clinically significant nonmetastatic prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2018; 74:422\u2013429.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.06.006"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84. Rischmann P, Gelet A, Riche B, et al. Focal high intensity focused ultrasound of unilateral localized prostate cancer: A prospective multicentric hemiablation study of 111 patients. Eur Urol 2017; 71:267\u2013273.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.09.039"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"85. van Velthoven R, Aoun F, Marcelis Q, et al. A prospective clinical trial of HIFU hemiablation for clinically localized prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 19:79\u201383.","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2015.55"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"86. Ganzer R, Hadaschik B, Pahernik S, et al. Prospective multicenter phase ii study on focal therapy (hemiablation) of the prostate with high intensity focused ultrasound. J Urol 2018; 199:983\u2013989.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.10.033"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"87. Baust JG, Gage AA. The molecular basis of cryosurgery. BJU Int 2005; 95:1187\u20131191.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05502.x"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"88. Gage AA, Baust J. Mechanisms of tissue injury in cryosurgery. Cryobiology 1998; 37:171\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1006\/cryo.1998.2115"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"89. Matsugasumi T, Shiraishi T, Fujihara A, et al. Targeted focal cryoablation for prostate cancer with real-time transrectal ultrasound-guided free-hands technique: A step-by-step technique. Urology 2020; 144:261\u2013262.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.07.005"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"90. Basourakos SP, Al Hussein Al Awamlh B, Bianco FJ, et al. Feasibility of in-office MRI-targeted partial gland cryoablation for prostate cancer: An IDEAL stage 2A study. BMJ Surg Interv Health Technol 2020; 2:e000056.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsit-2020-000056"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"91. Chuang R, Kinnaird A, Kwan L, et al. Hemigland cryoablation of clinically significant prostate cancer: Intermediate-term followup via magnetic resonance imaging guided biopsy. J Urol 2020; 204:941\u2013949.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001133"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"92. Tay KJ, Polascik TJ, Elshafei A, Tsivian E, Jones JS. Propensity score-matched comparison of partial to whole-gland cryotherapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer: An analysis of the cryo on-line data registry data. J Endourol 2017; 31:564\u2013571.","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2016.0830"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"93. Blazevski A, Amin A, Scheltema MJ, et al. Focal ablation of apical prostate cancer lesions with irreversible electroporation (IRE). World J Urol 2021; 39:1107\u20131114.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-020-03275-z"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"94. Azzouzi AR, Vincendeau S, Barret E, et al. Padeliporfin vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy versus active surveillance in men with low-risk prostate cancer (CLIN1001 PCM301): An open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:181\u2013191.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30661-1"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"95. Gill IS, Azzouzi AR, Emberton M, et al. Randomized trial of partial gland ablation with vascular targeted phototherapy versus active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer: Extended followup and analyses of effectiveness. J Urol 2018; 200:786\u2013793.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2018.05.121"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"96. Scheltema MJ, Tay KJ, Postema AW, et al. Utilization of multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging in clinical practice and focal therapy: Report from a Delphi consensus project. World J Urol 2017; 35:695\u2013701.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-016-1932-1"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"97. Inoue Y, Ushijima S, Shiraishi T, Fujihara A, Hongo F, Ukimura O. Biochemical and magnetic resonance image response in targeted focal cryotherapy to ablate targeted biopsy-proven index lesion of prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2019; 26:317\u2013319.","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13857"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"98. Tay KJ, Polascik TJ, Elshafei A, et al. Primary cryotherapy for high-grade clinically localized prostate cancer: Oncologic and functional outcomes from the COLD registry. J Endourol 2016; 30:43\u201348.","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2015.0403"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"99. Koehler J, Han S, Tremblay S, et al. Surveillance after focal therapy for prostate cancer: A comprehensive review. Cancers (Basel) 2025; 17:1337.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17081337"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"100. Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez L, Reiter R, Rodr\u00edguez A, et al. The FocAL therapy CONsensus (FALCON): Enhancing partial gland ablation for localised prostate cancer. BJU Int 2024; 134:50\u201353.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.16360"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"101. Wysock JS, Becher E, Gogaj R, Velazquez N, Lepor H. Early oncological control following partial gland cryo-ablation: A prospective experience specifying reflex MRI guided biopsy of the ablation zone. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:114\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-020-0244-0"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"102. Light A, Mayor N, Cullen E, et al. The transatlantic recommendations for prostate gland evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging after focal therapy (TARGET): A systematic review and international consensus recommendations. Eur Urol 2024; 85:466\u2013482.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(24)01244-2"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"103. Tokuda B, Yamada K, Takahata A, et al. Time-course changes in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging following focal cryotherapy for localized prostate cancer: Initial experience. Eur J Radiol 2023; 160:110714.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110714"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"104. Dickinson L, Ahmed HU, Hindley RG, et al. Prostate-specific antigen vs. magnetic resonance imaging parameters for assessing oncological outcomes after high intensity-focused ultrasound focal therapy for localized prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:30.e9-30.e15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2016.07.015"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"105. Rosenhammer B, Niessen C, Rotzinger L, et al. Oncological outcome and value of postoperative magnetic resonance imaging after focal high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for prostate cancer. Urol Int 2019; 103:270\u2013278.","DOI":"10.1159\/000502553"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"106. Al Hussein Al Awamlh B, Margolis DJ, Gross MD, et al. Prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging features following partial gland cryoablation. Urology 2020; 138:98\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.01.005"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"107. Kozawa N, Yamada K, Tokuda B, et al. Longitudinal MRI changes after focal therapy for prostate cancer: Cryotherapy vs. microwave tissue coagulation. Jpn J Radiol 2025; 43:1878\u20131892.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-025-01831-4"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"108. Paxton M, Barbalat E, Perlis N, et al. Role of multiparametric MRI in long-term surveillance following focal laser ablation of prostate cancer. Br J Radiol 2022; 95:20210414.","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210414"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"109. Giganti F, Dickinson L, Orczyk C, et al. Prostate imaging after focal ablation (PI-FAB): A proposal for a scoring system for multiparametric MRI of the prostate after focal therapy. Eur Urol Oncol 2023; 6:629\u2013634.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.04.007"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"110. Dias AB, Chang SD, Fennessy FM, et al. New prostate MRI scoring systems (PI-QUAL, PRECISE, PI-RR, and PI-FAB): AJR expert panel narrative review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2025; 224:e2430956.","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.24.30956"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"111. Gelikman DG, Kenigsberg AP, Mee Law Y, et al. Evaluating diagnostic accuracy and inter-reader agreement of the prostate imaging after focal ablation scoring system. Eur Urol Open Sci 2024; 62:74\u201380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2024.02.012"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"112. Rompr\u00e9-Brodeur A, Marcq G, Tholomier C, et al. Role of systematic control biopsies following partial gland ablation with high-intensity focused ultrasound for clinically significant prostate cancer. J Urol 2021; 206:1177\u20131183.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001934"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"113. Mortezavi A, Krauter J, Gu A, et al. Extensive histological sampling following focal therapy of clinically significant prostate cancer with high intensity focused ultrasound. J Urol 2019; 202:717\u2013724.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000298"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"114. S\u00e9guier D, Puech P, Barret E, et al. MRI accuracy for recurrence after partial gland ablation with HIFU for localized prostate cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2025; 28:592\u2013600.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00885-1"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"115. Fujihara A, Ukimura O. Focal therapy of localized prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2022; 29:1254\u20131263.","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14991"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"116. Brisbane WG, Priester AM, Nguyen AV, et al. Focal therapy of prostate cancer: Use of artificial intelligence to define tumour volume and predict treatment outcomes. BJUI Compass 2025; 6:e456.","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.456"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"117. Cornford P, van den Bergh RCN, Briers E, et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer-2024 Update. Part I: Screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Eur Urol 2024; 86:148\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.03.027"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"118. Deivasigamani S, Kotamarti S, Mottaghi M, Ghoreifi A, Polascik TJ. Long-term oncological outcomes of partial gland cryoablation of localized prostate cancer with median follow-up of 7 years: A single-institution experience. Eur Urol Focus 2025; 11:440\u2013447.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2025.01.004"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"119. Hamdy FC, Elliott D, le Conte S, et al. Partial ablation versus radical prostatectomy in intermediate-risk prostate cancer: The PART feasibility RCT. Health Technol Assess 2018; 22:1\u201396.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta22520"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"120. Reddy D, Dudderidge T, Shah T, et al. Comparative healthcare research outcomes of novel Surgery in prostate cancer (IP4-CHRONOS): Pilot RCT assessing feasibility of randomization for focal therapy in localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:5086.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.5086"},{"key":"121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"121. Shah TT, Reddy D, Peters M, et al. Focal therapy compared to radical prostatectomy for non-metastatic prostate cancer: A propensity score-matched study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:567\u2013574.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-020-00315-y"},{"key":"122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"122. van Son MJ, Peters M, Reddy D, et al. Conventional radical versus focal treatment for localised prostate cancer: A propensity score weighted comparison of 6-year tumour control. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:1120\u20131128.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-021-00369-6"}],"container-title":["Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/mrms\/25\/3\/25_rev.2026-0008\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T05:05:35Z","timestamp":1783141535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/mrms\/25\/3\/25_rev.2026-0008\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2463\/mrms.rev.2026-0008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1347-3182","1880-2206"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1347-3182","type":"print"},{"value":"1880-2206","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"rev.2026-0008"}}