{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:47:06Z","timestamp":1790214426230,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Percept Mot Skills"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzed the relationship between field dependence\u2013independence and complex motor skills. According to the requirements of each sporting activity, subjects' motor system can be mainly controlled through exteroceptive or proprioceptive information. Sport performances require the athlete to disembed himself, other players, or the ball from the background, and decision-making appears to require cognitive restructuring. 26 athletes (13 men and 13 women) involved in acrobatic sports (gymnastics, trampoline, half-pipe snowboard, synchronized 3-m springboard, acrobatic rock, skateboard, and free skating) and 26 athletes (13 men and 13 women) involved in individual racket sports (tennis and table-tennis) completed the Group Embedded Figures Test. Participants (at least 10 years of practice) were from 16 to 35 years of age ( M = 22.0, SD = 3.1). No significant difference among athletes on scores for field dependence\u2013independence was evidenced given this expertise, sex, or age. Significantly higher scores were obtained by athletes in acrobatic sports, indicating that they tended to be predominately more field-independent whereas the lower scores were obtained by tennis and table-tennis players.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.98.2.575-583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,22]],"date-time":"2005-12-22T16:15:25Z","timestamp":1135268125000},"page":"575-583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Field Dependence\u2013Independence in Complex Motor Skills"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Aymeric","family":"Guillot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Collet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-pms.98.2.575-583","first-page":"1","volume":"36","author":"Baker M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Extension"},{"key":"bibr2-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1975.41.1.216"},{"key":"bibr3-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(85)90018-2"},{"key":"bibr4-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1995.80.3c.1155"},{"key":"bibr5-pms.98.2.575-583","volume-title":"Field dependence\u2013independence: Cognitive styles across the life span.","author":"Demick J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr6-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1986.63.3.1139"},{"key":"bibr7-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00356-0"},{"key":"bibr8-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005667"},{"key":"bibr9-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(98)00005-0"},{"key":"bibr10-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1996.83.3f.1187"},{"key":"bibr11-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(96)00015-7"},{"key":"bibr12-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1985.60.2.369"},{"key":"bibr13-pms.98.2.575-583","first-page":"14","volume":"23","author":"McMorris T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Sport Psychology"},{"key":"bibr14-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1997.85.2.467"},{"key":"bibr15-pms.98.2.575-583","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1993.77.3f.1151"},{"key":"bibr16-pms.98.2.575-583","volume-title":"Paper presented at the National Education Research Meeting","author":"Miller G.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr17-pms.98.2.575-583","volume-title":"Group Embedded Figures Test.","author":"Oltman P. 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