{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:39:05Z","timestamp":1789810745751,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-esteem is often lower among persons who have experienced trauma, but religiosity may ameliorate these psychological effects. The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationships among religiosity, self-esteem, and childhood exposure to trauma, utilizing data from the National Comorbidity Survey, a large (N = 8,098) nationally representative population survey in the 48 contiguous states of the USA that assessed religious practices, self-esteem, and exposure to trauma. Exposure to trauma in childhood was assessed through self-report of presence or absence of childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect. Religiosity was assessed as the sum of responses to 4 self-report items (religious service attendance, use of religion for comfort and guidance, and importance of religion). Self-esteem was assessed on 9 self-report items adapted from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Analysis of variance compared scores for persons who reported exposure to childhood abuse and differed in the value they placed on various religious practices on self-esteem. Persons who reported physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect in childhood had significantly lower mean self-esteem than those who did not report these events. There was also a main effect for religiosity in a comparison of persons who reported childhood sexual abuse with those who reported none. The High Religiosity group had higher mean self-esteem than the Medium and Low Religiosity groups. There was a significant interaction as those who reported childhood sexual abuse had lower mean self-esteem than peers who reported none in the Low and Medium Religiosity groups. Mean self-esteem for those who reported childhood sexual abuse was comparable to that of those who reported none in the High Religiosity group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.102.3.779-790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,7]],"date-time":"2009-05-07T21:47:02Z","timestamp":1241732822000},"page":"779-790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Effects of Trauma and Religiosity on Self-Esteem"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Reiland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Michigan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Lauterbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Michigan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-pr0.102.3.779-790","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders\u2013revised.","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"1987","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr2-pr0.102.3.779-790","volume-title":"Psychological testing.","author":"Anastasi A.","year":"1997","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr3-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009164718501300305"},{"key":"bibr4-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7870\/cjcmh-1984-0002"},{"key":"bibr5-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080418"},{"key":"bibr6-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2096423"},{"key":"bibr7-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.19.2.263"},{"key":"bibr8-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626096011004004"},{"key":"bibr9-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-004-0682-9"},{"key":"bibr10-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2095292"},{"key":"bibr11-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327582ijpr0703_6"},{"key":"bibr12-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819802500603"},{"key":"bibr13-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)90064-7"},{"key":"bibr14-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2001.89.3.589"},{"key":"bibr15-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327582IJPR1102_03"},{"key":"bibr16-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1993.72.3c.1157"},{"key":"bibr17-pr0.102.3.779-790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626000015012001"},{"key":"bibr18-pr0.102.3.779-790","volume-title":"National Comorbidity Survey, 1990\u20131992.","author":"Kessler R. 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