{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:13:49Z","timestamp":1792739629763,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress has been studied extensively in psychology. Only recently, however, has research started to address the question of how individuals manage to recover from stress. Recovery from stress is analyzed as a process of self-regulation. Several individual difference variables which affect the efficiency of self-regulation have been integrated into a structured model of the recovery process. Such variables are action versus state orientation (a tendency to ruminate, e.g., about a past experience) and volitional components, such as self-determination, self-motivation, emotion control, rumination, and self-discipline. Some of these components are assumed to promote recovery from stress, whereas others are assumed to further the perseverance of stress. The model was supported by the empirical findings of three independent studies (Study 1, N = 58; Study 2, N = 221; Study 3, N=105). Kuhl's Action Control Scale measured action versus state orientation. Volitional components were assessed with Kuhl and Fuhrmann's Volitional Components Questionnaire. The amounts of experienced stress and recovery from stress was assessed with Kellmann and Kallus's Recovery-Stress Questionnaire. As hypothesized in the model, the disposition towards action versus state orientation was a more distant determinant of the recovery from stress and perseverance of stress. The volitional components are more proximal determinants in the recovery process. Action orientation promotes recovery from stress via adequate volitional skills, e.g., self-determination, self-motivation, emotion control, whereas state orientation furthers a perseverance of stress through rumination and self-discipline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]],"date-time":"2010-09-20T06:41:47Z","timestamp":1284964907000},"page":"1135-1153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Self-Regulation and Recovery: Approaching an Understanding of the Process of Recovery from Stress"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Potsdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kellmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruhr-University of Bochum"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Gesundheitspsychologie","author":"Abele A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr2-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"\u00dcber den Willensakt und das Temperament [On the act of will and temperament]","author":"Ach N.","year":"1910"},{"key":"bibr3-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"Erholung und Gesundheit [Recovery and health]","author":"Allmer H.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr4-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"A dynamic theory of action","author":"Atkinson J. W.","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr5-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02856472"},{"key":"bibr6-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Volition and personality: Action and state orientation","author":"Beckmann J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr7-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2901-6_10"},{"key":"bibr8-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Enhancing recovery: Preventing underperformance in athletes","author":"Beckmann J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr9-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Enhancing recovery: Preventing underperformance in athletes","author":"Botterill C.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr10-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"129","volume":"42","author":"Boucsein W.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychologische Rundschau"},{"key":"bibr11-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Enhancing recovery: Preventing underperformance in athletes","author":"Davis H.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr12-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1990","author":"Deci E. L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr13-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Enhancing recovery: Preventing underperformance in athletes","author":"Hanin Y. L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr14-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.3.489"},{"key":"bibr15-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Biospsychologie von Stre\u00df und emotionalen Reaktionen","author":"Janke W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr16-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"Der Erholungs-Belastungs-Fragebogen [The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire]","author":"Kallus K. W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr17-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"Enhancing recovery: Preventing underperformance in athletes","author":"Kellmann M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr18-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Enhancing recovery: Preventing underperformance in athletes","author":"Kellmann M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr19-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.15.2.151"},{"key":"bibr20-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"Der Erholungs-Belastungs-Fragebogen f\u00fcr Sportler; Handanweisung [The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes manual]","author":"Kellmann M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr21-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes: User manual","author":"Kellmann M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr22-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.40.1.155"},{"key":"bibr23-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Handlungs- versus Lageorientierung (Hakemp) [A questionnaire for the assessment of state vs. action orientation]","author":"Kuhl J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr24-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Action control: From cognition to behavior","author":"Kuhl J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr25-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation","author":"Kuhl J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr26-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"Motivation und Pers\u00f6nlichkeit [Motivation and personality]","author":"Kuhl J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr27-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3"},{"key":"bibr28-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Volition and personality: Action and state orientation","author":"Kuhl J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr29-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"Volition and personality","author":"Kuhl J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr30-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527869.003"},{"key":"bibr31-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal, and coping","author":"Lazarus R. S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr32-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","volume-title":"The Gestalt approach and eye witness to therapy","author":"Perls F.","year":"1973"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr33-pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","first-page":"11","volume":"5","author":"Sahre E.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sportpsychologie"}],"container-title":["Psychological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2466\/pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2466\/pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:37:14Z","timestamp":1777610234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.2466\/pr0.95.3f.1135-1153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2466\/pr0.95.3f.1135-1153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.95.3f.1135-1153","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2941","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-691X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}