{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:05:52Z","timestamp":1777885552566,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Percept Mot Skills"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reviews relevant research concerning the utilization of Field-dependence-independence cognitive style in vocational decision-making as well as in implementation and adjustment of career choices. Need for further investigation is highlighted and how career interventions can be enriched by including cognitive style indicated. A test of cognitive styles offers complementary information to traditional career counseling but needs to be explicitly integrated into personal history, academic experiences, achievements, motivations, and vocational goals. New directions for research are offered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.104.2.654-662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,11]],"date-time":"2008-08-11T10:47:11Z","timestamp":1218451631000},"page":"654-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Field-Dependence-Independence and Career Counseling: Directions for Research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"M. Adelina","family":"Guisande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela"}]},{"given":"M. Fernanda","family":"Paramo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Santiago de Compostela"}]},{"given":"Leandro S.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minho"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207598808247778"},{"key":"bibr2-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"89","volume":"4","author":"Amador J. A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Evaluati\u00f3n Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"bibr3-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1961.12.3.283"},{"key":"bibr4-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1994.1005"},{"key":"bibr5-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(88)90056-5"},{"key":"bibr6-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Preschool Embedded Figures Test manual.","author":"Coates S. W.","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr7-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Aptitudes and instructional methods.","author":"Cronbach L. J.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr8-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"61","volume":"39","author":"De la Orden A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aula Abierta"},{"key":"bibr9-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1971.33.3f.1235"},{"key":"bibr10-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.1986.10885715"},{"key":"bibr11-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"Fritz R. L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Education Research"},{"key":"bibr12-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21061\/jcte.v18i2.610"},{"key":"bibr13-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"217A","volume":"31","author":"Glatt C. J. W.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International"},{"key":"bibr14-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Vocational interests: Meaning, measurement, and counseling use.","author":"Gottfredson L. S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr15-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5571-8_11"},{"key":"bibr16-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1992.71.3f.1275"},{"key":"bibr17-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21061\/jte.v6i2.a.2"},{"key":"bibr18-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"The psychology of vocational choice.","author":"Holland J. L.","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr19-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"The Self directed Search.","author":"Holland J. L.","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr20-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments.","author":"Holland J. L.","year":"1997","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr21-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"355","volume":"3","author":"Johnson K. A.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Library Research"},{"key":"bibr22-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4314\/ifep.v9i1.23602","volume":"9","author":"Kalgo F. A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ife Psychologia: An International Journal"},{"key":"bibr23-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"21","volume-title":"A manual for Embedded Figures Test.","author":"Karp S. A.","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr24-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"115","volume":"31","author":"Kelleher W. E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"College Student Journal"},{"key":"bibr25-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"A study of validation and structure of Holland's theory of careers.","author":"Khan S. B.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr26-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Field-dependence and field-independence cognitive styles of intermediate and high school students in relation to differences in age\/grade, gender, and academic and vocational orientations.","author":"Khan S. B.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr27-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"59","volume":"21","author":"Koroluk L. E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Counseling"},{"key":"bibr28-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1994.1027"},{"key":"bibr29-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1980.51.3f.1289"},{"key":"bibr30-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1981.53.1.8"},{"key":"bibr31-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1988.67.1.195"},{"key":"bibr32-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461528409529283"},{"key":"bibr33-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Cognitive and affective process analyses.","volume":"3","author":"Messick S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr34-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2903_2"},{"key":"bibr35-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Cognitive styles and classroom learning.","author":"Morgan H.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr36-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"45","volume":"31","author":"Murphy H. J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"College Student Journal"},{"key":"bibr37-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1968.26.2.503"},{"key":"bibr38-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028490"},{"key":"bibr39-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Contemporary models in vocational psychology: A volume in honor of Samuel H. Osipow.","author":"Osipow S. H.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr40-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1981.53.2.574"},{"key":"bibr41-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1985.60.3.707"},{"key":"bibr42-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13636820200200191"},{"key":"bibr43-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686563"},{"key":"bibr44-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1992.74.3.807"},{"key":"bibr45-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.2000.1747"},{"key":"bibr46-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Perspectives on thinking, learning, and cognitive styles.","author":"Sternberg R. J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr47-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice.","author":"Super D. E.","year":"1990","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr48-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Paper presented at the I Congreso de Orientaci\u00f3n y Diversidad","author":"Tinajero C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr49-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"49","volume":"3","author":"Verma N.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Indian Psychologist"},{"key":"bibr50-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Career development: A life-span developmental approach.","author":"Vondracek F. W.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr51-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0053738"},{"key":"bibr52-pms.104.2.654-662","first-page":"512","volume":"26","author":"Wieseman A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"College Student Journal"},{"key":"bibr53-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000272455"},{"key":"bibr54-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"Field dependence and field independence: Cognitive styles, essence and origins.","author":"Witkin H. A.","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr55-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.69.3.197"},{"key":"bibr56-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"A manual for the Group Embedded Figures Tests.","author":"Witkin H. A.","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr57-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125890693-154"},{"key":"bibr58-pms.104.2.654-662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980209604153"},{"key":"bibr59-pms.104.2.654-662","volume-title":"The nature of intellectual styles.","author":"Zhang L. F.","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Perceptual and Motor Skills"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2466\/pms.104.2.654-662","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2466\/pms.104.2.654-662","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:05:34Z","timestamp":1777604734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.2466\/pms.104.2.654-662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2466\/pms.104.2.654-662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.104.2.654-662","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-5125","1558-688X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-5125","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-688X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}}}