{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:59:28Z","timestamp":1785311968105,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"WHO Press","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull. World Health Organ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.2471\/blt.12.113480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,9]],"date-time":"2013-04-09T09:25:34Z","timestamp":1365499534000},"page":"290-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Ethical considerations for vaccination programmes in acute humanitarian emergencies"],"prefix":"10.2471","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Keymanthri","family":"Moodley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Hardie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Selgelid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Bioethics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J","family":"Waldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University, Washington, United States of America."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Strebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N","family":"Durrheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, Wallsend, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1305","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000048952.81894.f3","article-title":"The concept of vulnerability in disaster research.","volume":"17","author":"Levine","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6593.314","article-title":"Epidemiological assessment of the health and nutrition of Ethiopian refugees in emergency camps in Sudan, 1985.","volume":"295","author":"Shears","year":"1987","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1158","article-title":"Ethics and immunization policy: promoting dialogue to sustain consensus.","volume":"107","author":"Feudtner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/phs005","article-title":"Models for humanitarian health care ethics.","volume":"5","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Ethics"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R5","unstructured":"SAGE Working Group on Vaccination in Humanitarian Emergencies.SAGE working group on vaccination in humanitarian emergencies: a framework for decision-making.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/sage\/meetings\/2012\/november\/FinalFraft_FrmwrkDocument_SWGVHE_23OctFullWEBVERSION.pdf [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.1986.tb00974.x","article-title":"Bentham in a box: technology assessment and health care allocation.","volume":"14","author":"Jonsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Law Med Health Care"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R7","first-page":"605","article-title":"Beneficence, law and liberty; the case of required rescue.","volume":"3","author":"Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Georgetown Law J"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2011-100216","article-title":"Physician obligation to provide care during disasters: should physicians have been required to go to Fukushima?","volume":"38","author":"Akabayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2012.01275.x","article-title":"Disaster risk reduction in developing countries: costs, benefits and institutions.","volume":"36","author":"Kenny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/phn042","article-title":"Allocating resources in humanitarian medicine.","volume":"2","author":"Hurst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Ethics"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7717.00096","article-title":"Normalising the crisis in Africa.","volume":"22","author":"Bradbury","year":"1998","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R12","unstructured":"United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization [Internet]. Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Paris: UNESCO; 2005. Available from: http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/en\/social-and-human-sciences\/themes\/bioethics\/bioethics-and-human-rights [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sphere Project.The Sphere Project: humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action Publishing; 2011. Available from: http:\/\/practicalaction.org\/sphere [accessed 24 January 2013].","DOI":"10.3362\/9781908176202"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R14","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.Convention and protocol relating to the status of refugees. Geneva: UNHCR; 1967. Available from: http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/3b66c2aa10.html [accessed 4 February 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R15","unstructured":"United Nations [Internet]. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: United Nations; 1948. Available from: www.un.org\/en\/documents\/udhr\/index.shtml [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R16","unstructured":"Vaccine donations: WHO\u2013UNICEF joint statement.Geneva: World Health Organization & United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2010 (WHO\/IVB\/10.09). Available from: http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2010\/WHO_IVB_10.09_eng.pdf [accessed 24 September 2012]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)46792-7","article-title":"Bloodborne pathogen transmission from healthcare worker to patients. Legal issues and provider perspectives.","volume":"75","author":"Rhodes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.10.106","article-title":"Measles vaccine adverse events reported in the mass vaccination campaign of Sichuan province, China from 2007 to 2008.","volume":"29","author":"Shu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.105312","article-title":"Landscape analysis of interactions between nutrition and vaccine responses in children.","volume":"139","author":"Savy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson A. Vaccination ethics. In:Public health ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. pp. 143\u201353.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511862670.009"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-009-9161-6","article-title":"Moral principles for allocating scarce medical resources in an influenza pandemic.","volume":"6","author":"Verweij","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bioeth Inq"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selgelid MJ. Pandethics.Public Health2009;123:255-9.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.12.005PMID:1922305110.1016\/j.puhe.2008.12.00519223051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.12.005"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R23","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.Guiding principles 2008\u20132012. Geneva: UNHCR; 2011. Available from: http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/4885959c2.htm [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R24","unstructured":"Hanquet G, editor.M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res. Refugee health: an approach to emergency situations. MacMillan; 1997. Available from: http:\/\/www.refbooks.msf.org\/MSF_Docs\/En\/Refugee_Health\/RH.pdf [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.08.002","article-title":"The ethics of mandatory vaccination against influenza for health care workers.","volume":"26","author":"van Delden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels N.Just health care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1985.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511624971"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R27","unstructured":"Draft guidelines for WHO and SAGE development of evidence-based vaccine related recommendations.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/sage\/1_Draft_Guidelines_Evidence_Review_GRADING_apr_2011.pdf [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.02.041","article-title":"Developing evidence-based vaccine recommendations and GRADE.","volume":"31","author":"Duclos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R29","unstructured":"Humanitarian Practice Network [Internet]. Humanitarian accountability. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine 2011;52. Available from: http:\/\/www.odihpn.org\/humanitarian-exchange-magazine\/issue-52\/humanitarian-accountability [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.01.062","article-title":"Ethical principles for collective immunisation programmes.","volume":"22","author":"Verweij","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.849","article-title":"Influenza A(H1N1) and pandemic preparedness under the rule of international law.","volume":"301","author":"Gostin","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R32","unstructured":"United Nations Commission on Human Rights.The Siracusa principles on the limitation and derogation provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Geneva: UNCHR; 1984. Available from: http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/refworld\/docid\/4672bc122.html [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R33","first-page":"1","article-title":"The resurgent tuberculosis epidemic in the era of AIDS: reflections on public health, law, and society.","volume":"54","author":"Gostin","year":"1995","journal-title":"MD Law Rev"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R34","unstructured":"Diekema D, Marcuse E.Ethical issues in the vaccination of children: primum non nocere today. New York: Elsevier; 1998."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7014.1215","article-title":"Is there a moral obligation not to infect others?","volume":"311","author":"Harris","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265052500002399","article-title":"Negligence.","volume":"16","author":"Simons","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc Philos Policy"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.11.002","article-title":"Ethical issues in immunisation.","volume":"27","author":"Isaacs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/php018","article-title":"A moderate pluralist approach to public health policy and ethics.","volume":"2","author":"Selgelid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Ethics"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440240086021","article-title":"Prevention of excess mortality in refugee and displaced populations in developing countries.","volume":"263","author":"Toole","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1126\/science.313.5788.758b","article-title":"The ethics of influenza vaccination.","volume":"313","author":"Galvani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60695-8","article-title":"Is immunisation child protection?","volume":"378","author":"Finn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000048949.43570.6a","article-title":"Ethical issues pertaining to research in the aftermath of disaster.","volume":"17","author":"Collogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000048961.75301.74","article-title":"The ethics of disaster research: a special section.","volume":"17","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R44","unstructured":"World Medical Association [Internet]. WMA statement on medical ethics in the event of disasters. Ferney-Voltaire: WMA; 2006. Available from: http:\/\/www.wma.net\/en\/30publications\/10policies\/d7\/index.html [accessed 24 September 2012]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1505-3-7","article-title":"Ethics of conducting research in conflict settings.","volume":"3","author":"Ford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R46","unstructured":"Siriwardhana DC. Disaster research ethics \u2013 a luxury or a necessity for developing countries?Asian Tribune13 February 2007. Available from: http:\/\/www.asiantribune.com\/index.php?q=node\/4524 [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R47","unstructured":"Research ethics in international epidemic response. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/ethics\/gip_research_ethics_.pdf [accessed 24 January 2012]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.10.032","article-title":"Identifying humanitarian crises in population surveillance field sites: simple procedures and ethical imperatives.","volume":"123","author":"Fottrell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.051037","article-title":"Demographic and health surveillance: longitudinal ethical considerations.","volume":"86","author":"Carrel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R50","unstructured":"World Medical Association [Internet]. Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Ferney-Voltaire: WMA; 1964. Available from: http:\/\/www.wma.net\/en\/20activities\/10ethics\/10helsinki\/index.html [accessed 24 January 2013]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R51","unstructured":"Wallis L, Smith W, editors.Disaster medicine. Johannesburg: Juta; 2011. pp. 9\u201325."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.4.637","article-title":"Informed consent for HIV testing in a South African hospital: is it truly informed and truly voluntary?","volume":"88","author":"Abdool Karim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.4.582","article-title":"Consent for Participation in the Bloemfontein Vitamin A Trial: How Informed and Voluntary?","volume":"93","author":"Joubert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2004.009910","article-title":"Informed consent and participant perceptions of influenza vaccine trials in South Africa.","volume":"31","author":"Moodley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.03.037","article-title":"Understanding of informed consent in a low-income setting: three case studies from the Kenyan Coast.","volume":"59","author":"Molyneux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8847.2006.00181.x","article-title":"Culture and voluntary informed consent in African health care systems.","volume":"8","author":"Frimpong-Mansoh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev World Bioeth"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawls J.A theory of justice. Harvard: Harvard University Press; 1971.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042605"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60565-X","article-title":"Is there an ethical obligation to complete polio eradication?","volume":"375","author":"Emerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.12.113480-201303221015-R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/phr033","article-title":"Experience of ethics training and support for health care professionals in international aid work.","volume":"5","author":"Hunt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Ethics"}],"container-title":["Bulletin of the World Health Organization"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T17:11:46Z","timestamp":1742404306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3629456\/pdf\/BLT.12.113480.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.12.113480","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9686","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]]}}}