{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T19:34:22Z","timestamp":1785267262345,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"WHO Press","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull. World Health Organ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.2471\/blt.13.130609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,26]],"date-time":"2014-09-26T15:04:50Z","timestamp":1411743890000},"page":"706-715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Estimation of maternal and child mortality one year after user-fee elimination: an impact evaluation and modelling study in Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.2471","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Mira","family":"Johri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Tour Saint-Antoine (Porte S03-458), 850 rue St-Denis, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H2X 0A9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ry","family":"Ridde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Centre national de la recherche scientifique et technologique du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Heinm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Tour Saint-Antoine (Porte S03-458), 850 rue St-Denis, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H2X 0A9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slim","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Tour Saint-Antoine (Porte S03-458), 850 rue St-Denis, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H2X 0A9, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1305","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R1","year":"2010","journal-title":"World health report 2010 \u2013 Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R2","author":"Witter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mapping user fees for health care in high-mortality countries: evidence from a recent survey."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R3","unstructured":"Building a future for women and children: the 2012 report. Washington: Countdown to 2015; 2012. Available from: http:\/\/www.countdown2015mnch.org\/reports-and-articles\/2012-report [cited 2014 May 9]."},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.074401","article-title":"Women and children first: an appropriate first step towards universal coverage.","volume":"88","author":"Yates","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"7519","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7519.747","article-title":"Impact on child mortality of removing user fees: simulation model.","volume":"331","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R6","unstructured":"Address inequities [Partnership for Maternal Newborn and Child Health Knowledge Summary No. 9]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Available from: www.who.int\/pmnch\/knowledge\/publications\/summaries\/ks9.pdf?ua=1 [cited 2014 Jul 7]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R7","unstructured":"Actions on maternal, newborn and child health and development in Africa by 2015. In: Assembly of the African Union: Fifteenth Ordinary Session; 2010 July 27; Kampala, Uganda. Addis Ababa: African Union; 2010. Available from: http:\/\/www.au.int\/en\/sites\/default\/files\/ASSEMBLY_EN_25_27_July_2010_BCP_ASSEMBLY_OF_THE_AFRICAN_UNION_Fifteenth_Ordinary_Session.pdf [cited 2014 Jul 7]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R8","unstructured":"Enqu\u00eate Int\u00e9grale sur les Conditions de Vie des M\u00e9nages. Ouagadougou: Institut National de la Statistique et de la D\u00e9mographie; 2009. French."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R9","unstructured":"Ridde V, Queuille L, Atchessi N, Samb O, Heinm\u00fcller R, Haddad S. The evaluation of an experiment in healthcare user fees exemption for vulnerable groups in Burkina Faso. Field Actions Sci Rep [Internet]. 2013; Special issue 8. Available from: http:\/\/factsreports.revues.org\/1758 [cited 2014 Aug 26]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S32","article-title":"Methods used in the Lives Saved Tool (LiST).","volume":"11","author":"Winfrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i11","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq017","article-title":"Comparing modelled predictions of neonatal mortality impacts using LiST with observed results of community-based intervention trials in South Asia.","volume":"39","author":"Friberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i32","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq019","article-title":"Comparing modelled to measured mortality reductions: applying the Lives Saved Tool to evaluation data from the Accelerated Child Survival Programme in West Africa.","volume":"39","author":"Hazel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S35","article-title":"Comparing estimates of child mortality reduction modelled in LiST with pregnancy history survey data for a community-based NGO project in Mozambique.","volume":"11","author":"Ricca","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R14","year":"2009","journal-title":"Etat et structure de la population"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R15","year":"2012","journal-title":"Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 et \u00e0 Indicateurs Multiples (EDSBF-MICS IV) de 2010: Rapport final."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R16","year":"2004","journal-title":"Enqu\u00eate D\u00e9mographique et de Sant\u00e9 de 2003: Rapport final."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R17","year":"2009","journal-title":"Natalit\u00e9-F\u00e9condit\u00e9."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R18","year":"2007","journal-title":"Analyse des r\u00e9sultats de l'enqu\u00eate annuelle sur les conditions de vie des m\u00e9nages en 2007."},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.07.004","article-title":"Understanding the impact of eliminating user fees: utilization and catastrophic health expenditures in Uganda.","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R20","unstructured":"Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. Burkina Faso: estimates on the use of water sources and sanitation facilities (1980\u20132012) [Internet]. Geneva and New York: World Health Organization and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.wssinfo.org\/documents\/?tx_displaycontroller[type]=country_files\/ [cited 2014 Aug 26]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R21","year":"2010","journal-title":"WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system, 2010 global summary."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R22","unstructured":"Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l'Information et des Statistiques Sanitaires. Tableau de bord sant\u00e9 2010. Ouagadougou: Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9, Burkina Faso; 2011. [French. ]"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R23","year":"2010","journal-title":"Synth\u00e8se des indicateurs pour l'ann\u00e9e 2010."},{"issue":"9774","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62310-0","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2009 with trends since 1995: a systematic analysis.","volume":"377","author":"Cousens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R25","unstructured":"LiST: The Lives Saved Tool, version 4.53. [Internet]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 2013. Available from: http:\/\/www.jhsph.edu\/departments\/international-health\/centers-and-institutes\/institute-for-international-programs\/list\/index.html [cited 2014 Aug 26]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evaluation ind\u00e9pendante du projet d'acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration de la r\u00e9duction de la mortalit\u00e9 maternelle, n\u00e9onatale et infanto-juv\u00e9nile dans les r\u00e9gions sanitaires du nord et centre-nord au Burkina Faso: Enqu\u00eate de couverture de base - Rapport d'analyse."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R27","author":"DeCormier Plosky","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lives Saved Tool: a computer program for making child survival projections."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R28","author":"Snijders","year":"2012","edition":"2nd ed.","journal-title":"Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modelling."},{"issue":"9","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2012-202080","article-title":"Improving equity by removing healthcare fees for children in Burkina Faso.","volume":"67","author":"Ridde","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R30","first-page":"98","article-title":"A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys of health in developing countries.","volume":"44","author":"Bennett","year":"1991","journal-title":"World Health Stat Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1162\/003465304323023651","article-title":"Nonparametric estimation of average treatment effects under exogeneity: A review.","volume":"86","author":"Imbens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stat"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R32","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Propensity score analysis: statistical methods and applications."},{"issue":"12","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2002.tb01616.x","article-title":"Advanced statistics: up with odds ratios! A case for odds ratios when outcomes are common.","volume":"9","author":"Cook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R34","unstructured":"Burkina Faso: child marriage worsens population pressure. New York: IRIN; 2009. Available from http:\/\/www.irinnews.org\/printreport.aspx?reportid=83505 [cited 2014 Aug 19]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R35","author":"United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation","year":"2012","journal-title":"Levels and trends in child mortality: report 2012."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R36","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child mortality estimates and MDG 4 attainment by country 1990\u20132011."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R37","unstructured":"Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average). World Development Indicators: Data [Internet]. Washington: World Bank; 2013. Available from: http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/PA.NUS.FCRF [cited 2014 June 17]."},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R38","first-page":"CD009094","article-title":"The impact of user fees on access to health services in low- and middle-income countries.","author":"Lagarde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2165\/00148365-200605030-00001","article-title":"To retain or remove user fees?: reflections on the current debate in low- and middle-income countries.","volume":"5","author":"James","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czs100","article-title":"Combining user fees exemption with training and supervision helps to maintain the quality of drug prescriptions in Burkina Faso.","volume":"28","author":"Atchessi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"9848","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61376-2","article-title":"Reduction in child mortality in Niger: a Countdown to 2015 country case study.","volume":"380","author":"Amouzou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1257\/app.6.1.91","article-title":"The great equalizer: Health care access and infant mortality in Thailand.","volume":"6","author":"Gruber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Econ J Appl Econ"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000007","article-title":"Effect of removing direct payment for health care on utilisation and health outcomes in Ghanaian children: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"6","author":"Ansah","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000008","article-title":"Abolishing user fees in Africa.","volume":"6","author":"Ridde","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9797","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61337-8","article-title":"Progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 on maternal and child mortality: an updated systematic analysis.","volume":"378","author":"Lozano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.13.130609-201409261507-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.125450","article-title":"Universal health coverage and universal access.","volume":"91","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"container-title":["Bulletin of the World Health Organization"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T17:13:26Z","timestamp":1742404406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4208477\/pdf\/BLT.13.130609.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.13.130609","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9686","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]}}}