{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:52:19Z","timestamp":1792291939855,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"WHO Press","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull. World Health Organ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.2471\/blt.16.179499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]],"date-time":"2017-06-27T13:43:16Z","timestamp":1498570996000},"page":"503-516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Observations of infection prevention and control practices in primary health care, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.2471","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Bedoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Economics Research Group, The World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington DC, 20433, United States of America (USA)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Dolinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Economics Research Group, The World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington DC, 20433, United States of America (USA)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khama","family":"Rogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Njeri","family":"Mwaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Wafula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Coarasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Goicoechea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jishnu","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Economics Research Group, The World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington DC, 20433, United States of America (USA)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1305","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R1","unstructured":"Summary of the evidence on patient safety: implications for research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Available from: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/43874\/1\/9789241596541_eng.pdf [cited 2016 May 26]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(07)60027-9","article-title":"The First Global Patient Safety Challenge \u201cClean Care is Safer Care\u201d: from launch to current progress and achievements.","volume":"65","author":"Allegranzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R3","unstructured":"Report on the burden of endemic health care-associated infection worldwide. Clean care is safer care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/80135\/1\/9789241501507_eng.pdf [cited 2016 May 26]."},{"issue":"9238","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02814-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Infection Control Programme.","volume":"356","author":"Pittet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1086\/502389","article-title":"Cost implications of successful hand hygiene promotion.","volume":"25","author":"Pittet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R6","unstructured":"Evidence of hand hygiene to reduce transmission and infections by multi- drug resistant organisms in health-care settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/gpsc\/5may\/MDRO_literature-review.pdf?ua=1 [cited 2016 May 26]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R7","unstructured":"Methods and measures used in primary care patient safety research. Results of a literature review. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/patientsafety\/research\/methods_measures\/makeham_dovey_full.pdf [cited 2016 May 26]."},{"issue":"7","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2015-004178","article-title":"How safe is primary care? A systematic review.","volume":"25","author":"Panesar","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R9","unstructured":"Safer primary care. A global challenge. Summary of inaugural meeting of the Safer Primary Care Expert Working Group. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/patientsafety\/summary_report_of_primary_care_consultation.pdf [cited 2016 May 26]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R10","author":"Lorincz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in ambulatory patient safety 2000\u20132010: a 10-year review."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h3728","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3728","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of interventions to promote hand hygiene in hospital: systematic review and network meta-analysis.","volume":"351","author":"Luangasanatip","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-080213-041350","article-title":"Quality of primary care in low-income countries: facts and economics.","volume":"6","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Econ"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R13","unstructured":"WHO CleanHandsNet \u2013 a network of campaigning countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/gpsc\/national_campaigns\/en\/ [cited 2014 Jan 20]."},{"issue":"1","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2008.029165","article-title":"Patient safety research: an overview of the global evidence.","volume":"19","author":"Jha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2004.08.009","article-title":"Reduction in nosocomial infection with improved hand hygiene in intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital in Argentina.","volume":"33","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2005.06.014","article-title":"Measurement and feedback of infection control process measures in the intensive care unit: impact on compliance.","volume":"34","author":"Berhe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R17","unstructured":"Hand hygiene in outpatient and home-based care and long-term care facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/gpsc\/5may\/hh_guide.pdf [cited 2016 May 26]."},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.11.007","article-title":"The epic project: updating the evidence base for national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. A report with recommendations.","volume":"59","author":"Pellowe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1086\/502513","article-title":"Clean care is safer care: the first global challenge of the WHO World Alliance for Patient Safety.","volume":"26","author":"Pittet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R20","first-page":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Guide to infection prevention for outpatient settings: minimum expectations for safe care."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R21","unstructured":"Fifty-eighth session of the WHO Regional Committee for Africa. Final report. Brazzaville: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa; 2008. Available from: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/92228\/1\/AFR-RC58-20%20-%20Regional%20Committee%20Report.pdf [cited 2016 May 26]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R22","year":"2015","journal-title":"National infection prevention and control guidelines for health care services in Kenya."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R23","author":"Kohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"To err is human: building a safer health system."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R24","unstructured":"My five moments for hand hygiene. Geneva: World Health Organization 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/gpsc\/tools\/faqs\/five_moments\/en\/ [cited 2014 Oct 22]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R25","unstructured":"Measuring hand hygiene compliance: overcoming the challenges. Oakbrook Terrace: The Joint Commission; 2009. Available from: https:\/\/www.jointcommission.org\/assets\/1\/18\/hh_monograph.pdf [cited 2016 May 26]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R26","unstructured":"WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care. First global patient safety challenge. Clean care is safer care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Available from: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44102\/1\/9789241597906_eng.pdf [cited 2016 May 26]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R27","unstructured":"Revised injection safety assessment tool (Tool C \u2013 revised). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/injection_safety\/Injection_safety_final-web.pdf?ua=1 [cited 2014 Feb 14]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R28","unstructured":"Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008. Available from: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hicpac\/pdf\/guidelines\/disinfection_nov_2008.pdf [cited 2014 May 15]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R29","unstructured":"Ebola (Ebola virus disease). Transmission [internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/transmission\/ [cited 2014 Dec 9]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R30","unstructured":"Frequently asked questions on Ebola virus disease [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/ebola\/faq-ebola\/en\/ [cited 2014 Sept 1]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R31","unstructured":"Human factors in patient safety. Review of topics and tools. Report for Methods and Measures Working Group of WHO Patient Safety. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/patientsafety\/research\/methods_measures\/human_factors\/human_factors_review.pdf [cited 2016 Oct 29]."},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99677","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099677","article-title":"Evolution of the global burden of viral infections from unsafe medical injections, 2000\u20132010.","volume":"9","author":"P\u00e9pin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.10747","article-title":"Outcomes from the first 2 years of the Australian National Hand Hygiene Initiative.","volume":"195","author":"Grayson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.16.179499-201706271542-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2007.07.004","article-title":"Is patient satisfaction sensitive to changes in the quality of care? An exploitation of the Hawthorne effect.","volume":"27","author":"Leonard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Health Econ"}],"container-title":["Bulletin of the World Health Organization"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T17:18:37Z","timestamp":1742404717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5487970\/pdf\/BLT.16.179499.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.16.179499","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9686","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]}}}