{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:00:21Z","timestamp":1793037621813,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"WHO Press","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull. World Health Organ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.2471\/blt.20.252270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T06:59:46Z","timestamp":1598943586000},"page":"615-624","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Integration of prevention and control measures for female genital schistosomiasis, HIV and cervical cancer"],"prefix":"10.2471","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Dirk","family":"Engels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniting to Combat NTDs, Chemin de la Gouille 8, 1291 Commugny, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Hotez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States of America (USA)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Ducker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, London, England."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Gyapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaya L","family":"Bustinduy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, London, England."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Theobald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Gamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makia C","family":"Masong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Lammie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kreeneshni","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Rights and Gender, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela S","family":"Mbabazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwelecele N","family":"Malecela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1305","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1943.tb07569.x","article-title":"Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) of the female genital tract and neighbouring tissues.","volume":"50","author":"Gilbert","year":"1943","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1949.tb07107.x","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in gynaecology.","volume":"56","author":"Charlewood","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp"},{"issue":"12","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1970.tb03477.x","article-title":"The effects of schistosomiasis on the cervix uteri in the African female.","volume":"77","author":"Bland","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1971.20.846","article-title":"Distribution and extent of schistosomiasis in female pelvic organs, with special reference to the genital tract, as determined at autopsy.","volume":"20","author":"Gelfand","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(96)00026-5","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium. Clinical and parasitological findings in women in rural Malawi.","volume":"62","author":"Kjetland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"11","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111135","article-title":"Association of urogenital symptoms with history of water contact in young women in areas endemic for S. haematobium. A cross-sectional study in rural South Africa.","volume":"13","author":"Galappaththi-Arachchige","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.311","article-title":"Simple clinical manifestations of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women.","volume":"72","author":"Kjetland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10100","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32130-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.","volume":"390","author":"Hay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"26","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1914709","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis.","volume":"381","author":"Hotez","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R10","unstructured":"Gyapong M, Theobald S. The sexual and reproductive health issue you\u2019ve probably never heard of\u2026 Why is one of the most common gynaecological conditions in sub-Saharan Africa, schistosomiasis, misunderstood, under-researched, and under-reported? [internet]. London: openDemocracy; 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/en\/5050\/sexual-and-reproductive-health-issue-youve-probably-never-hear\/ [cited 2019 Dec 9]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1017\/pao.2017.11","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) in Ogun State, Nigeria: a pilot survey on genital symptoms and clinical findings.","volume":"3","author":"Ekpo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0081","article-title":"Schistosomiasis PCR in vaginal lavage as an indicator of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women.","volume":"81","author":"Kjetland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008337","article-title":"Genital self-sampling compared with cervicovaginal lavage for the diagnosis of female genital schistosomiasis in Zambian women: the BILHIV Study.","author":"Sturt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249400500517","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis as a risk-factor for the transmission of HIV.","volume":"5","author":"Feldmeier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90512-X","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis: a neglected risk factor for the transmission of HIV?","volume":"89","author":"Feldmeier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000210614.45212.0a","article-title":"Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women.","volume":"20","author":"Kjetland","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0395","article-title":"Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infection in Tanzania.","volume":"87","author":"Downs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328351b9e3","article-title":"The effects of schistosomiasis on HIV\/AIDS infection, progression and transmission.","volume":"7","author":"Secor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0652","article-title":"Association between Schistosoma haematobium exposure and human immunodeficiency virus infection among females in Mozambique.","volume":"94","author":"Brodish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"9","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005968","article-title":"Effects of schistosomiasis on susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 viral load at HIV-1 seroconversion: a nested case\u2013control study.","volume":"11","author":"Downs","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006902","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006902","article-title":"Schistosomiasis is associated with incident HIV transmission and death in Zambia.","volume":"12","author":"Wall","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"105524","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105524","article-title":"Beyond the barrier: female genital schistosomiasis as a potential risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition.","volume":"209","author":"Sturt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001765","article-title":"HIV-positive women have higher risk of human papilloma virus infection, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer.","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R24","first-page":"169","article-title":"The effects of genital Schistosoma haematobium on human papillomavirus and the development of cervical neoplasia after five years in a Zimbabwean population.","volume":"31","author":"Kjetland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy742","article-title":"Altered cervical mucosal gene expression and lower interleukin 15 levels in women with Schistosoma haematobium infection but not in women with Schistosoma mansoni infection.","volume":"219","author":"Dupnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007207","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007207","article-title":"A major hurdle in the elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis revealed: identifying key gaps in knowledge and understanding of female genital schistosomiasis within communities and local health workers.","volume":"13","author":"Kukula","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.02.006","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS): from case reports to a call for concerted action against this neglected gynaecological disease.","volume":"46","author":"Christinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R28","unstructured":"Female genital schistosomiasis: opportunities for research [internet]. Global Schistosomiasis Alliance; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.eliminateschisto.org\/news-events\/events\/female-genital-schistosomiasis-opportunities-for-research [cited 2020 Jun 16]."},{"issue":"2","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2004.01.001","article-title":"Progress in the prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis.","volume":"53","author":"Savioli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2018.e00077","article-title":"A systematic review with epidemiological update of male genital schistosomiasis (MGS): a call for integrated case management across the health system in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"4","author":"Kayuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(96)00030-7","article-title":"Reversibility of lower reproductive tract abnormalities in women with Schistosoma haematobium infection after treatment with praziquantel \u2013 an interim report.","volume":"62","author":"Richter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"6","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098593","article-title":"Effect of female genital schistosomiasis and anti-schistosomal treatment on monocytes, CD4+ T-cells and CCR5 expression in the female genital tract.","volume":"9","author":"Kleppa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.09.010","article-title":"Genital schistosomiasis in women: a clinical 12-month in vivo study following treatment with praziquantel.","volume":"100","author":"Kjetland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i19","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv073","article-title":"Water, sanitation and hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on neglected tropical diseases: a new Global Strategy 2015\u201320.","volume":"8","author":"Boisson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i22","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihw003","article-title":"Integration of water, sanitation and hygiene for the control of neglected tropical diseases: a review of progress and the way forward.","volume":"8","author":"Waite","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R36","unstructured":"Universal health coverage [internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/universal-health-coverage#tab=tab_1 [cited 2020 Jun 5]."},{"issue":"9941","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61190-9","article-title":"Sexual and reproductive health and rights: a global development, health, and human rights priority.","volume":"384","author":"Temmerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9680","key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61111-9","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS, schistosomiasis, and girls.","volume":"373","author":"Stoever","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R39","unstructured":"Female genital schistosomiasis: a pocket atlas for clinical health care professionals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/schistosomiasis\/resources\/9789241509299\/en\/ [cited 2020 Jun 5]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R40","unstructured":"Female genital schistosomiasis: simultaneous screening of diseases can improve reproductive health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/news\/female-genital-schistosomiasis\/en\/ [cited 2019 Dec 9]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R41","unstructured":"No more neglect. Female genital schistosomiasis and HIV: integrating reproductive health interventions to improve women\u2019s lives. Geneva: World Health Organization and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2019\/female_genital_schistosomiasis_and_hiv [cited 2020 Jun 5]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R42","unstructured":"HPV, HIV and cervical cancer. Leveraging synergies to save women\u2019s lives. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/JC2851_HPV-HIV-cervicalcancer_en.pdf [cited 2020 Jun 5]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R43","unstructured":"Adolescents and youth program [internet]. Nairobi: LVCT Health; undated. Available from: https:\/\/lvcthealth.org\/archives\/innovation\/adolescents-and-youth-program [cited 2020 Jun 12]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R44","unstructured":"Dreams: partnership to reduce HIV\/AIDS in adolescent girls and young women. Washington: United States Agency for International Development; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/global-health\/health-areas\/hiv-and-aids\/technical-areas\/dreams [cited 2020 Jun 12]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R45","unstructured":"The United Nations General Assembly adopts the 2016 Political Declaration to end AIDS [internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/mediacentre\/news\/hlm-2016-political-declaration-ending-AIDS\/en\/ [cited 2020 Jun 16]."},{"key":"#cr-split#-key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R46.1","unstructured":"HIV prevention 2020 road map - accelerating HIV prevention to reduce new infections by 75%. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"#cr-split#-key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R46.2","unstructured":"2010. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2017\/hiv-prevention-2020-road-map [cited 2020 Jun 16]."},{"key":"key-10.2471\/BLT.20.252270-202009011259-R47","unstructured":"H6. Harnessing the collective strengths of the UN system to reach every woman, child and adolescent [internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/life-course\/partners\/h4\/about-h4-plus\/en\/ [cited 2020 Jun 16]."}],"container-title":["Bulletin of the World Health Organization"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T13:24:40Z","timestamp":1742390680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7463188\/pdf\/BLT.20.252270.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.20.252270","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9686","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]]}}}