{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:15:49Z","timestamp":1778649349581,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are systems that connect the physical world with the virtual world of information processing. They consist of various components that work together to create some global behaviour. These components include software systems, communication technologies and sensors, executive mechanisms that interact with the real world, often including embedded technologies. One CPS may include a variety of components from different manufacturers or service providers, often without even knowing that their products and services are integrated with others as a result of CPS. This paper systematises information about CPS modelling methods and domains and presents the CPS modelling cycle \u2013 from abstraction to architecture and from concept to realisation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/acss-2019-0001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,22]],"date-time":"2019-06-22T05:31:12Z","timestamp":1561181472000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Brief Overview of Modelling Methods, Life-Cycle and Application Domains of Cyber-Physical Systems"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kristaps","family":"Babris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Technical University , Riga , Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Nikiforova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Technical University , Riga , Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uldis","family":"Sukovskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Technical University , Riga , Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_001_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ab1Aa","unstructured":"[1] P. Gao, R. Hensley, and A. Zielke, \u201cA road map to the future for the auto industry,\u201d McKinsey Quarterly, October 2014."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_002_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ab2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[2] E. A. Lee, \u201cCPS Foundations,\u201d Proceedings of the 47th Design Automation Conference, DAC \u201810, New York, pp. 737\u2013742, 2010.10.1145\/1837274.1837462","DOI":"10.1145\/1837274.1837462"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_003_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ab3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[3] E. A. Lee, \u201cCyber Physical Systems: Design Challenges,\u201d In Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Object Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, pp. 363\u2013369, 2008.10.1109\/ISORC.2008.25","DOI":"10.1109\/ISORC.2008.25"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_004_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ab4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] V. Gunes, S. Peter, T. Givargis, and F. Vahid, \u201cA Survey on Concepts, Applications, and Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems,\u201d KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 4242\u20134268, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3837\/tiis.2014.12.00110.3837\/tiis.2014.12.001","DOI":"10.3837\/tiis.2014.12.001"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_005_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ab5Aa","unstructured":"[5] Y. Z. Lun, A. D\u2019Innocenzo, I. Malavolta, and M. D. Di Benedetto, \u201cCyber-Physical Systems Security: a Systematic Mapping Study. pp. 1\u201332, 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/303698739_Cyber-Physical_Systems_Security_a_Systematic_Mapping_Study"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_006_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ab6Aa","unstructured":"[6] A. Bari\u0161i\u0107, STSM Report: Systematic literature review on multi-paradigm modeling for CPS Systems, Visiting University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade (RS), The STSM report, MPMCPS 2018."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_007_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ab7Aa","unstructured":"[7] K-D. Kim, and P. R. Kumar, \u201cAn Overview and Some Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems,\u201d Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 341\u2013352, 2013."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_008_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ab8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] V. Ya. Tsvetkov, \u201cInformation Constructions,\u201d European Journal of Technology and Design, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 147\u2013152, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13187\/ejtd.2014.5.14710.13187\/ejtd.2014.5.147","DOI":"10.13187\/ejtd.2014.5.147"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_009_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ab9Aa","unstructured":"[9] I. Ruchkin, \u201cIntegration of Modeling Methods for Cyber-Physical Systems,\u201d PhD thesis, Institute for Software Research School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 2018."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_010_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac10Aa","unstructured":"[10] J. Magee and J. Kramer, Concurrency: State Models & Java Programs, Wiley, 1999."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_011_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] A. Platzer, Logical foundations of cyber-physical systems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, NY, 2018.10.1007\/978-3-319-63588-0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63588-0"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_012_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] A. Platzer, \u201cDifferential Dynamic Logic for Hybrid Systems,\u201d Journal of Automated Reasoning, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 143\u2013189, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10817-008-9103-810.1007\/s10817-008-9103-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10817-008-9103-8"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_013_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac13Aa","unstructured":"[13] J. Dabney and T. L. Harman, Mastering SIMULINK 2. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_014_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac14Aa","unstructured":"[14] R. Alur, T. A. Henzinger, H. Wong-toi, \u201cSymbolic Analysis of Hybrid Systems,\u201d In Proceedings of the IEEE CDC, 1997."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_015_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[15] I. Ruchkin, B. Schmerl, and D. Garlan, \u201cArchitectural Abstractions for Hybrid Programs,\u201d in Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on Component-Based Software Engineering, CBSE \u201815, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada, pp. 65\u201374, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2737166.273716710.1145\/2737166.2737167","DOI":"10.1145\/2737166.2737167"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_016_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac16Aa","unstructured":"[16] D. Jackson, Software abstractions: logic, language, and analysis. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2012."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_017_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac17Aa","unstructured":"[17] L. Lamport, Specifying Systems: The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers. Addison-Wesley Professional, Boston, 1st edition edition, July 2002."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_018_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18] G. Smith, Introduction. In: The Object-Z Specification Language. Advances in Formal Methods, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA, 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-5265-9_110.1007\/978-1-4615-5265-9_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5265-9_1"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_019_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac19Aa","unstructured":"[19] P. G. Larsen, K. Lausdahl, N. Battle, J. Fitzgerald, S. Wolff, S. Sahara, M. Verhoef, P. W. V. Tran-Jorgensen, T. Oda, and P. Chisholm, \u201cVDM-10 Language Manual. Overture Technical Report Series TR-001\u201d, pp. 39\u2013234, 2018. Available from: www.overturetool.org."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_020_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac20Aa","unstructured":"[20] K. Lano, The B Language and Method: A Guide to Practical Formal Development (Formal Approaches to Computing and Information Technology (FACIT)). Springer-Verlag, London, 1996."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_021_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac21Aa","unstructured":"[21] R. Marinescu, Model-driven Analysis and Verification of Automotive Embedded Systems, PhD thesis, Maladaren University, 2016."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_022_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac22Aa","unstructured":"[22] E. Hairer, S. P. N\u00f8rsett, and G. Wanner, Solving Ordinary Differential Equations I Nonstiff Problems, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, 2nd edition, 1993."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_023_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[23] P. Fritzson, Principles of Object-Oriented Modeling and Simulation with Modelica 2.1. John Wiley-IEEE Press, 2010.10.1109\/9780470545669","DOI":"10.1109\/9780470545669"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_024_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[24] G. Walde, and R. Luckner, \u201cBridging the tool gap for model-based design from flight control function design in Simulink to software design in SCADE\u201d, IEEE\/AIAA 35th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DASC.2016.777804410.1109\/DASC.2016.7778044","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2016.7778044"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_025_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac25Aa","unstructured":"[25] M. Wermelinger, and T. Margaria-Steffen, \u201cFundamental Approaches to Software Engineering\u201d, Proceedings 7th International Conference, FASE 2004. Held as Part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS, Barcelona, Spain, 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/b9593510.1007\/b95935"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_026_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac26Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[26] A. Benveniste, T. Bourke, B. Caillaud, J. Colao, C. Pasteur, and M. Pouzet, \u201cBuilding a Hybrid Systems Modeler on Synchronous Languages Principles,\u201d Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 106, no. 9, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JPROC.2018.285801610.1109\/JPROC.2018.2858016","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2858016"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_027_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[27] K. G. Larsen, P. Pettersson, and W. Yi, \u201cModel-Checking for Real-Time Systems,\u201d In H. Reichel (eds). Fundamentals of Computation Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 965, pp. 62\u201388, 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-60249-6_4110.1007\/3-540-60249-6_41","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60249-6_41"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_028_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac28Aa","unstructured":"[28] A. Basu, M. Bozga, and J. Sifakis, \u201cModeling Heterogeneous Real-time Components in BIP\u201d, Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods, Washington, DC, USA, 2006."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_029_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[29] E. Kusmenko, A. Roth, B. Rumpe, and M. von Wenckstern, \u201cModeling Architectures of Cyber-Physical Systems,\u201d in A. Anjorin, H. Espinoza (Eds) Modelling Foundations and Applications. ECMFA 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10376, pp. 34\u201350, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-61482-3_310.1007\/978-3-319-61482-3_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61482-3_3"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_030_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[30] J. C. Jensen, D. H. Chang, and E. A. Lee, \u201cA Model-Based Design Methodology for Cyber-Physical Systems,\u201d 7th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IWCMC.2011.598278510.1109\/IWCMC.2011.5982785","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2011.5982785"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_031_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[31] J. Eker, J. Janneck, E. A. Lee, J. Liu, X. Liu, J. Ludvig, S. Neuendorffer, S. Sachs, and Y. Xiong, \u201cTiming Heterogeneity - The Ptolemy Approach,\u201d Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 91, no. 1. 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JPROC.2002.80582910.1109\/JPROC.2002.805829","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2002.805829"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_032_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac32Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[32] E. A. Lee, \u201cComputing needs time, ACM Communications,\u201d vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 70\u201379, May 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1506409.150642610.1145\/1506409.1506426","DOI":"10.1145\/1506409.1506426"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_033_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[33] J. Eidson, E. A. Lee, S. Matic, S. A. Seshia, and J. Zou, \u201cTime-centric Models for Designing Embedded Cyber-Physical Systems,\u201d California Univ. Berkeley Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical report. UCB\/EECS-2009-135, October 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21236\/ADA53874710.21236\/ADA538747","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA538747"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_034_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[34] K. Keutzer, A. R. Newton, J. Rabaey, and A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, \u201cSystem-Level Design: Orthogonalization of Concerns and Platform-Based Design,\u201d IEEE Transactions, vol. 19, no. 12. December 2000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/43.89883010.1109\/43.898830","DOI":"10.1109\/43.898830"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_035_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac35Aa","unstructured":"[35] Khaitan et al., \u201cDesign Techniques and Applications of Cyber Physical Systems: A Survey,\u201d IEEE Systems Journal, 2014."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_036_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac36Aa","unstructured":"[36] E. A. Lee, and S. A. Seshia, \u201cIntroduction to Embedded Systems - A Cyber-Physical Systems Approach,\u201d LeeSeshia.org, 2011."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_037_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac37Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[37] C-R. Rad, O. Hancu, I-A. Takacs, G. Olteanu, \u201cSmart Monitoring of Potato Crop: A Cyber-Physical System Architecture Model in the Field of Precision Agriculture,\u201d Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, vol. 6, pp. 73 \u2013 79, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aaspro.2015.08.04110.1016\/j.aaspro.2015.08.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaspro.2015.08.041"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_038_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac38Aa","unstructured":"[38] M. N. Al-Mhiqani, R. Ahmad, K. H. Abdulkareem, and N. S. Ali, \u201cInvestigation study of Cyber-Physical Systems: Characteristics, application domains, and security challenges,\u201d Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 22, 2017."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_039_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac39Aa","unstructured":"[39] CPSE Labs, 2018. [Online] Available from: http:\/\/www.cpselabs.eu\/cps.php [Accessed: 27th October 2018]."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_040_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac40Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[40] J. O. Clark, \u201cSystem of Systems Engineering and Family of Systems Engineering from a standards, V-Model, and Dual-V Model perspective,\u201d 3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference, IEEE, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SYSTEMS.2009.481583110.1109\/SYSTEMS.2009.4815831","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSTEMS.2009.4815831"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_041_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac41Aa","unstructured":"[41] S. Engell, \u201cCyber-physical Systems of Systems \u2013 Definition and core research and innovation areas,\u201d Working Paper of the Support Action CPSoS, pp.1\u201311, 2014."},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_042_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac42Aa","unstructured":"[42] M.W. Maier, \u201cArchitecting Principles for System of Systems,\u201d Systems Engineering, vol. 1, no. 4, 1998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::AID-SYS3>3.0.CO;2-D O. Nikiforova, N. El Marzouki, K. Gusarovs, H. Vangheluwe, T. Bures, R. Al-Ali, M. Iacono, P. O. Esquivel, and F. Leon \u201cThe Two-Hemisphere Modelling Approach to the Composition of Cyber-Physical Systems\u201d Proceedings of International Conference on Software Technologies (ICSOFT 2017), 24\u201326 July, 2017, Madrid, Spain. SCITEPRESS Digital Library, pp. 286\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/000642490286029310.5220\/0006424902860293"},{"key":"2026051305040775020_j_acss-2019-0001_ref_043_w2aab3b8b1b1b7b1ab1ac43Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[43] P. Derler, E. A. Lee, S. Tripakis, and M. Torngren, \u201cCyber-physical System Design Contracts,\u201d in Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE 4th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, ICCPS \u201813, pp. 109\u2013118, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2502524.250254010.1145\/2502524.2502540","DOI":"10.1145\/2502524.2502540"}],"container-title":["Applied Computer Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/acss\/24\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/acss-2019-0001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:05:07Z","timestamp":1778648707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/acss-2019-0001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/acss-2019-0001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/acss-2019-0001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2255-8691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2255-8691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}}}