{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:09:57Z","timestamp":1778663397834,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main objective of this article was to analyse whether the Interactive Video Test (IVT) is a useful tool for the practical off-field training of soccer assistant referees, and if its use could reduce erroneous on-field decisions when applying Law 11 of the Laws of the Game. Assistant referees were taken from the Spanish 2nd \u201cB\u201d and 3rd Divisions, and were divided into two groups, the Experimental Group (EG) and the Control Group (CG). The referees in the EG were trained with the Interactive Video Test by analysing 720 off-side decisions. Subsequently, both groups were assessed in on-field tests involving the simulation of 326 possible off-side situations. When the results of both groups were compared, there was a continuous improvement over time in the EG associated to the use of the IVT, significantly better than the improvement of the CG. Moreover, the IVT proved to be a good diagnostic tool to assess the skills of assistant referees in perceiving and evaluating off-side situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/ijcss-2018-0009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T04:32:40Z","timestamp":1547008360000},"page":"163-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The training of soccer assistant referees beyond on-field experience: the use of the Interactive Video Test"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Armenteros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Journalism and Audiovisual Communication Department , University Carlos III of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"}]},{"given":"Anto J.","family":"Ben\u00edtez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Journalism and Audiovisual Communication Department , University Carlos III of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geometry and Topology Department , University of Sevilla , Spain"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sillero-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (INEF) , Technical University of Madrid (UPM) , Madrid , Spain"}]},{"given":"M. S\u00e1nchez","family":"Cid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Sociology, Faculty of Communication Sciences , Rey Juan Carlos University , Madrid , Spain"}]},{"given":"J.A.","family":"Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences , Universidad Europea de Madrid , Madrid , Spain"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_001_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","unstructured":"Armenteros, M.; Ben\u00edtez, A. J., & Curca, D. G. (2010). The trivia game as tool for learning and evaluating Football referees and assistant referees. In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications (pp. 137-142). Chesapeake, VA: AACE."},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_002_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armenteros, M. & Ben\u00edtez, A. J. (2011). La integraci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Educativa en la formaci\u00f3n del arbitraje de f\u00fatbol de \u00e9lite: el uso del \u201cVideo Test Interactivo\u201d. Apunts. Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica y Deportes, 105(3), 11-20.10.5672\/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2011\/3).105.01","DOI":"10.5672\/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2011\/3).105.01"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_003_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldo, M. V. C.; Ranvaud, R. D., & Morya, E. (2002). Flag errors in soccer games: The flash-lag effect brought to real life. Perception, 31, 1205\u20131210.10.1068\/p342212430947","DOI":"10.1068\/p3422"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_004_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catteeuw, P., Helsen, W., Gilis, B., & Wagemans, J. (2009). Decision-making skills, role specificity, and deliberate practice in association football refereeing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), 1125-1136.10.1080\/0264041090307917919714544","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903079179"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_005_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catteeuw, P., Gilis, B., Garc\u00eda-Aranda, J. M., Tresaco, F., Wagemans, J., & Helsen, W. (2010). Offside decision making in the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(10), 1027-1032.10.1080\/02640414.2010.49108420686996","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.491084"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_006_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ericsson, K. A.; Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-R\u00f6mer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363\u2013406.10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_007_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab7Aa","unstructured":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association FIFA (2009). Teaching Material. The Assistant Referee."},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_008_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab8Aa","unstructured":"International Football Association Board (2017). Laws of the game. Z\u00fcrich: The IFAB."},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_009_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab9Aa","unstructured":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association (2010). Offside Interactive Video Test. Z\u00fcrich: FIFA."},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_010_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilis, B., Helsen, W., Catteeuw, P., & Wagemans, J. (2008). Offside decisions by expert assistant referees in association football: Perception and recall of spatial positions in complex dynamic events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14, 21\u201335.10.1037\/1076-898X.14.1.21","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.14.1.21"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_011_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilis, B., Helsen, W., Catteeuw, P., Roie, E. V., & Wagemans, J. (2009). Interpretation and application of the offside law by expert assistant referees: Perception of spatial positions in complex dynamic events on and off the field. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(6), 551-553.10.1080\/0264041080270217819308874","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802702178"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_012_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac12Aa","unstructured":"Helsen, W., Catteeuw, P., & Bart, G. (2007). Decision-making skills and role-specificity in football refereeing. In Kallio, J.; Komi, P.; Komulainen, J., & Avela, J. (eds.), 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. Jyvaskyla, Finland: ECSS."},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_013_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helsen, W., Gilis, B., & Weston, M. (2006). Errors in judging \u201coffside\u201d in association football: Test of the optical error versus the perceptual flash-lag hypothesis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(5), 521-528.10.1080\/0264041050029806516608766","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500298065"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_014_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac14Aa","unstructured":"Koch, S. (2008). Liability of Referees. An Analysis of Tort Liability for Wrong Referee Decisions (Dissertation). Victoria University of Wellington, 2008."},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_015_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., & Bangsbo, J. (2002). Activity profile and physiological demands of top-class soccer assistant refereeing inrelation to training status. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(11), 861\u2013871.10.1080\/02640410232076177812430989","DOI":"10.1080\/026404102320761778"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_016_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac16Aa","unstructured":"Lawrence, J. N. (1996). Multimedia Information and Learning. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 5(2), 129-150."},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_017_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H-P. & Chiou, M-J. (2009). The impact of individual differences on e-learning system satisfaction: A contingency approach. British Journal of Education Technology, 41(2), 307-323.10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.00937.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.00937.x"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_018_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallo, J., Navarro, E., Garc\u00eda-Aranda, J. M., Gilis, B., & Helsen, W. (2008). Analyses of the kinematical demands imposed on top-class assistant referees during competitive soccer matches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(1), 235\u2013242.10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31815fa1d318296981","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31815fa1d3"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_019_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascarenhas, D. R. D., Button, C., O\u2019Hare, D., & Dicks, M. (2009). Physical Performance and Decision Making in Association Football Referees: A Naturalistic Study. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 2, 1-9.10.2174\/1875399X00902010001","DOI":"10.2174\/1875399X00902010001"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_020_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oudejans, R. R. D., Verheijen, R., Bakker, F. C., Gerrits, J. C., Steinbr\u00fcckner, M., & Beek, P. J. (2000). Errors in judging \u2018offside\u2019 in football. Nature, 404, 33.10.1038\/35003639","DOI":"10.1038\/35003639"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_021_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plessner, H., & Haar, T. (2006). Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 555\u2013575.10.1016\/j.psychsport.2006.03.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2006.03.007"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_022_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanabria, J., Cenjor, C., M\u00e1rquez, F., Guti\u00e9rrez, R., Martinez, D., & Prados-Garc\u00eda, J. L. (1998). Oculomotor movements and football\u2019s Law 11. The Lancet, 351, 268.10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78269-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78269-6"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_023_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Chapman, C. (2002). Training perceptual skill in field hockey: Is there transfer from the laboratory to the field? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 98\u2013103.10.1080\/02701367.2003.1060906812659480","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2003.10609068"},{"key":"2026051308170576764_j_ijcss-2018-0009_ref_024_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ac24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulisack, M. H. (2004). \u201cHow did it know we weren\u2019t talking?\u201d: An investigation into the impact of self-assessments and feedback in a group activity. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20, 205-211.10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2004.00083.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2004.00083.x"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Science in Sport"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/ijcss\/17\/2\/article-p163.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/ijcss-2018-0009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T08:17:49Z","timestamp":1778660269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/ijcss-2018-0009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/ijcss-2018-0009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/ijcss-2018-0009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1684-4769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1684-4769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]}}}