{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T07:44:58Z","timestamp":1777535098773,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The players\u2019 positions of tactical groups in soccer can be mapped to formation-patterns by means of artificial neural networks (Kohonen, 1995). This way, the hundreds of positional situations of one half of a match can be reduced to about 20 to 30 types of formations (Grunz, Perl &amp; Memmert, 2012; Perl, 2015), the coincidences of which can be used for describing and simulating tactical processes of the teams (Memmert, Lemmink &amp; Sampaio, 2017): Developing and changing formations in the interaction with the opponent activities can be understood as a tactical game in the success context of ball control, space control and finally generating dangerous situations. As such it can be simulated using mathematical approaches like Monte Carlo-simulation and game theory in order to generate optimal strategic patterns. However, in accordance with results from game theory it turns out that in most cases the one optimal strategy does not exist (e.g. see Durlauf &amp; Blume, 2010). Instead, a variety of partial strategies with different frequencies were necessary \u2013 an approach that is mathematically interesting but has nothing to do with soccer reality. An alternative approach, which is developed in the following, is to interrupt the strictness of a single strategic concept by creative elements, which improves flexible response to opponent activities as well as prevents from being analyzed by the opponent team.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The results of respective simulation reach from improving strategic behaviour to recognizing strategic patterns and in particular to analyzing role and meaning of creative elements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/ijcss-2018-0012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T04:33:38Z","timestamp":1547008418000},"page":"204-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Formation-based modelling and simulation of success in soccer"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Perl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mainz , Germany"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_001_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durlauf, S. N. & Blume, L.E. (2010). Game Theory. Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057\/9780230280847","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230280847"},{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_002_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","unstructured":"Grunz, A., Perl, J., & Memmert, D. (2012). Tactical pattern recognition in soccer"},{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_003_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","unstructured":"games by means of special Self-Organizing Maps. Human Movement Science, 31(2), 334-43."},{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_004_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ab4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohonen, T. (1995). Self-organizing maps. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.10.1007\/978-3-642-97610-0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-97610-0"},{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_005_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ab5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memmert D. (2011). Sports and Creativity. M.A. Runco and S.R. Pritzker (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Creativity, Second Edition, San Diego: Academic Press. 2, 373-378.10.1016\/B978-0-12-375038-9.00207-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375038-9.00207-7"},{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_006_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ab6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memmert, D., Lemmink, K. A. P. M., & Sampaio, J. (2017). Current Approaches to Tactical Performance Analyses in Soccer using Position Data. Sports Medicine, 47, 1. doi:10.1007\/s40279-016-0562-5.10.1007\/s40279-016-0562-527251334","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0562-5"},{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_007_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ab7Aa","unstructured":"Perl, J. (2015) Modelling and simulation, in A. Baca (ed) Computer Science in Sport, London, New York: Routledge."},{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_008_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ab8Aa","unstructured":"Perl, J. & Memmert, D. (2011). Net-Based Game Analysis by Means of the Software Tool SOCCER. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 10, 77-84."},{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_009_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ab9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perl, J. & Memmert, D. (2017). A Pilot Study on Offensive Success in Soccer Based on Space and Ball Control \u2013 Key Performnace Indicators and Key to Understand Game Dynamics. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 16 (1), 65-75.10.1515\/ijcss-2017-0005","DOI":"10.1515\/ijcss-2017-0005"},{"key":"2026042808562217534_j_ijcss-2018-0012_ref_010_w2aab3b7b7b1b6b1ab1ac10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perl, J. & Memmert, D. (2018) Soccer: Process and Interaction. In A. Baca and J. Perl (eds.), Modelling and Simulation in Sport and Exercise (pp. 73-94). 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