{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:41:01Z","timestamp":1777542061048,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]],"date-time":"2021-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Quantification of athletic performance via analysis of scores of off-season fitness tests has become an essential part of the modern strength and conditioning coach (SCC). Player Efficiency Rating (PER) and Efficiency index (EFF) are two of the most used in-season basketball performance metrics in the US. We collected data from male and female basketball players of a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) program. Based on sex, we examined a) if unadjusted PER (uPER) and EFF reflect different amounts of information and b) which fitness tests predict those two indices more accurately. Our results showed lower means and less variability of the fitness tests scores in women than men. The correlation between uPER and EFF in men was moderate and strong in women. In men, no strong correlation was found between any fitness test and EFF, while full court sprint was strongly correlated with uPER. In women, strong correlations were detected between a) the T-drill and EFF and b) the foul court sprint, the vertical jump, and the T-drill and uPER. The collegiate SCCs should consider that off-season scores of a) the foul court drill may predict uPER more accurately in both men and women and b) the T-drill may predict both EFF and uPER more precisely in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/ijcss-2021-0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T01:44:29Z","timestamp":1638150269000},"page":"164-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Offseason Fitness Tests a Collegiate Basketball Strength Coach Should Choose to Predict In-Season \tPerfomance Based on Sex"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Stamatis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , State University of New York , Plattsburgh, NY, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Papadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory , Barry University , Miami Shores, FL, U.S."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. B.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educational Psychology , Baylor University , Waco, TX, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Boolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy , Clarkson University , Potsdam, NY, U.S.A."},{"name":"Biology , Clarkson University , Potsdam , NY, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amonette, W. E., Brown, L. E., De Witt, J. K., Dupler, T. L., Tran, T. T., Tufano, J. J., & Spiering, B. A. (2012). Peak vertical jump power estimations in youths and young adults. J Strength Cond Res, 26(7), 1749-1755. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182576f1e10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182576f1e22505126","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182576f1e"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baghurst, T., Lackman, J., Drewson, S., Spittler, P., Turcott, R., Smith, M., Illescas-Marquez, G., & Boolani, A. (2021). A hot mess: basketball coaches\u2019 perceptions of ability versus actual performances of their athletes. AUC KINANTHROPOLOGICA, 57(1), 11-25.10.14712\/23366052.2021.3","DOI":"10.14712\/23366052.2021.3"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauchamp, M. K., Harvey, R. H., & Beauchamp, P. H. (2012). An integrated biofeedback and psychological skills training program for Canada\u2019s Olympic short-track speedskating team. J Clin Sport Psychol, 6(1), 67-84. doi:10.1123\/jcsp.6.1.6710.1123\/jcsp.6.1.67","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.6.1.67"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cormie, P., McBride, J. M., & McCaulley, G. O. (2009). Power-time, force-time, and velocity-time curve analysis of the countermovement jump: impact of training. J Strength Cond Res, 23(1), 177-186. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318188932410.1519\/JSC.0b013e318188932419077740","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181889324"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_005","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum."},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_006","unstructured":"Dreyer, E. A. (2005). A Comparison of Collegiate Basketball Players Off-Season Strength and Conditioning Programs. Defiance College, Retrieved August 4, 2021, from http:\/\/rave.ohiolink.edu\/etdc\/view?acc_num=def1281548491"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drinkwater, E. J., Hopkins, W. G., McKenna, M. J., Hunt, P. H., & Pyne, D. B. (2007). Modelling age and secular differences in fitness between basketball players. J Sports Sci, 25(8), 869-878.10.1080\/0264041060090787017474040","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600907870"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drinkwater, E. J., Pyne, D. B., & McKenna, M. J. (2008). Design and interpretation of anthropometric and fitness testing of basketball players. Sports Med, 38(7), 565-578. doi:10.2165\/00007256-200838070-0000410.2165\/00007256-200838070-0000418557659","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838070-00004"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_009","unstructured":"ESPN. (2021). 2020-21 Hollinger NBA Player Statistics - All Players. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from http:\/\/insider.espn.com\/nba\/hollinger\/statistics"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. (2014). Designing resistance training programs, 4E: Human Kinetics.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718225107"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_011","unstructured":"Gallup, I. (2018, 2018-01-04). Football Still Americans\u2019 Favorite Sport to Watch. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/224864\/football-americans-favorite-sport-watch.aspx"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_012","unstructured":"Haff, G. G., & Triplett, N. T. (2015). Essentials of strength training and conditioning 4th edition: Human kinetics."},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_013","unstructured":"Hollinger, J. (2004). Pro basketball forecast 2004-05: Brassey\u2019s."},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, M., Franks, I. M., Franks, I. M., & Dancs, H. (2019). Essentials of performance analysis in sport: Routledge.10.4324\/9780429340130","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429340130"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, M. D., & Bartlett, R. M. (2002). The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. J Sports Sci, 20(10), 739-754.10.1080\/02640410232067560212363292","DOI":"10.1080\/026404102320675602"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.-D., & Cruz, A. B. (2016). The influence of coaches\u2019 leadership styles on athletes\u2019 satisfaction and team cohesion: A meta-analytic approach. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 11(6), 900-909.10.1177\/1747954116676117","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954116676117"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehnert, M., H\u016flka, K., Mal\u00fd, T., Fohler, J., & Zah\u00e1lka, F. (2013). The effects of a 6 week plyometric training programme on explosive strength and agility in professional basketball players. Acta Gymnica, 43(4), 7-15.10.5507\/ag.2013.019","DOI":"10.5507\/ag.2013.019"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levinger, I., Goodman, C., Hare, D. L., Jerums, G., Toia, D., & Selig, S. (2009). The reliability of the 1RM strength test for untrained middle-aged individuals. J Sci Med Sport, 12(2), 310-316. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.10.00710.1016\/j.jsams.2007.10.00718078784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.10.007"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_019","unstructured":"Manley, M. (1989). Martin Manley\u2019s Basketball Heaven, 1990: Doubleday Books."},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McBride, J. M., Triplett-McBride, T., Davie, A., & Newton, R. U. (2002). The effect of heavy-vs. light-load jump squats on the development of strength, power, and speed. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 16(1), 75-82.10.1519\/00124278-200202000-00011","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200202000-00011"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGill, S. M., Andersen, J. T., & Horne, A. D. (2012). Predicting performance and injury resilience from movement quality and fitness scores in a basketball team over 2 years. J Strength Cond Res, 26(7), 1731-1739. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182576a7610.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182576a7622505125","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182576a76"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moxley, J. H., & Towne, T. J. (2015). Predicting success in the national basketball association: Stability & potential. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 128-136.10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.07.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2014.07.003"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_023","unstructured":"NBA. (2021). Season Leaders. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from http:\/\/www.nba.com\/stats\/leaders\/"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_024","unstructured":"NBAstuffer. (2021). Martin Manley. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https:\/\/www.nbastuffer.com\/analytics101\/martin-manley\/"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_025","unstructured":"NCAA. (2021a). Men\u2019s Basketball: Probability of competing beyond high school. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https:\/\/www.ncaa.org\/about\/resources\/research\/mens-basketball-probability-competing-beyond-high-school"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_026","unstructured":"NCAA. (2021b). NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Database. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https:\/\/www.ncaa.org\/about\/resources\/research\/ncaa-sports-sponsorship-and-participation-rates-database"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_027","unstructured":"NCAA Division I Manual. (2021). Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https:\/\/web3.ncaa.org\/lsdbi\/reports\/getReport\/90008"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_028","unstructured":"Nesser, T. W. (2019). The Professional\u2019s Guide to Strength and Conditioning: Safe and Effective Principles for Maximizing Athletic Performance: BYU Bookstore."},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_029","unstructured":"O\u2019donoghue, P. (2009). Research methods for sports performance analysis: Routledge.10.4324\/9780203878309"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_030","unstructured":"Papadakis, Z., Stamatis, A., Padgett, R. N., & Sanders, B. K. (2019). NCAA in-season coaching time regulations negate strength and conditioning gains in women\u2019s Division-II basketball team. Int J Sports Sci, 9, 92-99."},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ploutz-Snyder, L. L., & Giamis, E. L. (2001). Orientation and familiarization to 1RM strength testing in old and young women. J Strength Cond Res, 15(4), 519-523. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1172626710.1519\/00124278-200111000-00020","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200111000-00020"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_032","unstructured":"RPIRatings.com. (2021). Where the NBA Players Come From. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from http:\/\/rpiratings.com\/NBA.php"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarlis, V., & Tjortjis, C. (2020). Sports analytics\u2014Evaluation of basketball players and team performance. Information Systems, 93, 101562.10.1016\/j.is.2020.101562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2020.101562"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_034","unstructured":"Shvili, J. (2020, 2020-10-16). The Most Popular Sports In The World. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-are-the-most-popular-sports-inthe-world.html"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_035","unstructured":"Siegel, E. (2013). Predictive analytics: The power to predict who will click, buy, lie, or die: John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simenz, C. J., Dugan, C. A., & Ebben, W. P. (2005). Strength and conditioning practices of National Basketball Association strength and conditioning coaches. J Strength Cond Res, 19(3), 495-504. doi:10.1519\/15264.110.1519\/15264.116095396","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200508000-00003"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonson, S. R., Moffitt, J. T., & Lawson, J. (2014). What Is the Impact of NCAA Policy 11.7.2.1.1 Weight or Strength Coach (Football Bowl Subdivision) Limits on Strength and Conditioning as a Profession? Strength and Conditioning Journal, 36(1), 82-87. doi:10.1519\/ssc.000000000000003410.1519\/SSC.0000000000000034","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000034"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staunton, C., Gordon, B., Custovic, E., Stanger, J., & Kingsley, M. (2017). Sleep patterns and match performance in elite Australian basketball athletes. J Sci Med Sport, 20(8), 786-789. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.11.01610.1016\/j.jsams.2016.11.01628169152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.11.016"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_039","unstructured":"The National Federation of State High School Associations. (2019). 2018-2019 High School Athletics Participation Survey. Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https:\/\/www.nfhs.org\/media\/1020412\/2018-19_participation_survey.pdf"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_040","unstructured":"Triplett, N. T., & Chandler, B. (2017). NSCA Strength and Conditioning Professional Standards and Guidelines. Strength & Conditioning Journal."},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waller, M., Piper, T., & Miller, J. (2009). National strength and conditioning association: strength and conditioning professional standards and guidelines. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 31(5), 14-38.10.1519\/SSC.0b013e3181b9c34c","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0b013e3181b9c34c"},{"key":"2026042808574856709_j_ijcss-2021-0010_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Chen, J., & Zhao, X. (2011). Modeling and analysis of player efficiency rating for different positions: Case study with NBA. In Advances in Computer Science and Education Applications (pp. 234-242): Springer.10.1007\/978-3-642-22456-0_34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22456-0_34"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Science in Sport"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/ijcss-2021-0010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:22:44Z","timestamp":1777396964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/ijcss-2021-0010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/ijcss-2021-0010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/ijcss-2021-0010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1684-4769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1684-4769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]]}}}