{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:57:44Z","timestamp":1777543064725,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate three distinct methods of teaching the three-step ball throw simulating the javelin throw technique to primary school students. The sample consisted of 131 primary school students of 5th and 6th grade (Mage = 11.4, SD = 0.47 years) randomly divided into three groups. The control group (CON) received typical instruction, the first experimental group (EXP) followed a blended learning intervention which included an interactive learning activity software and the second experimental group (EXPVF) followed the same blended learning method with an additional direct video feedback system. A pre\/post-test design was implemented to evaluate students\u2019 technique, using as criteria five selected technique elements of the three-step ball throw. Wilcoxon signed-rank test analysis showed that all three groups performed significantly better after the intervention in all five criteria. However, Kruskal-Wallis H test analysis with post-hoc test revealed that the results for EXPVF group were significantly better than the other two groups in all elements, while the EXP group showed significantly better results in three of the five elements compared with the CON group. In conclusion, students appeared to benefit more in their three-step ball throw technique through blended learning and direct video feedback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/ijcss-2022-0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T13:20:34Z","timestamp":1673961634000},"page":"43-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Blended Learning and Direct Video Feedback on Primary School Students\u2019 Three-Step Ball Throwing Technique"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Kyriakidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001 , Greece"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Panoutsakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001 , Greece"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Paraschos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001 , Greece"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Chatzopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001 , Greece"}]},{"given":"\u0391.","family":"Yiannakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001 , Greece"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Papaiakovou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001 , Greece"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhamdi, M. M. H., Salih, S. B., & Abd, M. A. A. (2019). The Impact of Learning Technology on Some Motor Skills of Deaf and Mute Students in Comparison with Healthy Students. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(10).10.5958\/0976-5506.2019.02921.8","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-5506.2019.02921.8"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almerich, G., Orellana, N., Su\u00e1rez-Rodr\u00edguez, J., & D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda, I. (2016). Teachers\u2019 information and communication technology competences: A structural approach. Computers and Education, 100, 110-125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.05.00210.1016\/j.compedu.2016.05.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.05.002"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_003","unstructured":"Avgerinos, A., & Moundakis, K. (2014). \u039d\u03ad\u03bf \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 [New School Curriculum for Physical Education in Primary School]. Greek Institute of Educational Policy. Retrieved July 3, 2017, from http:\/\/repository.edulll.gr\/1959"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_004","unstructured":"Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_005","unstructured":"Bartlett, R. (2007). Introduction to sports biomechanics: Analysing human movement patterns. Oxon: Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315889504"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartonietz, K. (2000). Javelin throwing: an approach to performance development. In V. Zatsiorsky, Biomechanics in Sport (pp. 401-434). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470693797.ch2010.1002\/9780470693797.ch20","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470693797.ch20"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_007","unstructured":"Basadre, R. F., Nunez, J., & Paton, R. N. (2015). ICT in Physical Education from the perspective of students in Elementary School [Article]. Sportis-Scientific Technical Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity, 1(2), 141-155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17979\/sportis.2015.1.2.140810.17979\/sportis.2015.1.2.1408"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_008","unstructured":"Bersin, J. (2004). The blended learning book: Best practices, proven methodologies, and lessons learned. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Best, R. J., Bartlett, R. M., & Morriss, C. J. (1993). A three-dimensional analysis of javelin throwing technique. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11(4), 315-328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0264041930873000110.1080\/026404193087300018230391","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419308730001"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_010","unstructured":"Blatsis, P., Ploutarhos, S., Vasilios, B., Vasiliki, M., Konstantinos, T., Stamatia, P., & Christos, H. (2016). The effect of IAAF Kids Athletics on the physical fitness and motivation of elementary school students in track and field. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 16(3), 882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7752\/jpes.2016.0313910.7752\/jpes.2016.03139"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_011","unstructured":"Blischke, K., Marschall, F., Muller, H., & Daugs, R. (1999). Augmented information in motor skill acquisition. In Y. V. Auweele, F. Bakker, S. Biddle, M. Durand, & R. Seiler (Eds.), Psychology for physical educators. Champaign: Human Kinetics (pp. 257-287)."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyle, E. A., Hainey, T., Connolly, T. M., Gray, G., Earp, J., Ott, M., Lim, T., Ninaus, M., Ribeiro, C., & Pereira, J. (2016). An update to the systematic literature review of empirical evidence of the impacts and outcomes of computer games and serious games. Computers and Education, 94, 178-192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.00310.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.003"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calver, M., & Fletcher, D. (2020). When ANOVA Isn\u2019t Ideal: Analyzing Ordinal Data from Practical Work in Biology. The American Biology Teacher, 82(5), 289-294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/abt.2020.82.5.28910.1525\/abt.2020.82.5.289","DOI":"10.1525\/abt.2020.82.5.289"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_014","unstructured":"Campos, J., Brizuela, G., & Ram\u00f3n, V. (2004). Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of elite javelin throwers at the 1999 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. New Studies in Athletics, 19(21), 47-57. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from http:\/\/www.speerschule.ch\/docs\/doc-3danalysisjav1999.pdf"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casey, A., Goodyear, V. A., & Armour, K. M. (2017). Rethinking the relationship between pedagogy, technology and learning in health and physical education. Sport, Education and Society, 22(2), 288-304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13573322.2016.122679210.1080\/13573322.2016.1226792","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2016.1226792"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzopoulos, D., Foka, E., Doganis, G., Lykesas, G., & Nikodelis, T. (2020). Effects of analogy learning on locomotor skills and balance of preschool children. Early Child Development and Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03004430.2020.173902910.1080\/03004430.2020.1739029","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2020.1739029"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzopoulos, D. E., Yiannakos, A., Kotzamanidou, M., & Bassa, E. (2015). Warm-up protocols for high school students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 121(1), 1-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/30.PMS.121c11x310.2466\/30.PMS.121c11x326226282","DOI":"10.2466\/30.PMS.121c11x3"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chism, S., & Wilkins, E. A. (2018). Student ownership for blended Physical Education. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 54(4), 158-164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00228958.2018.151554310.1080\/00228958.2018.1515543","DOI":"10.1080\/00228958.2018.1515543"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, J. W., & Knudson, D. V. (2011). Use of deterministic models in sports and exercise biomechanics research. Sports Biomechanics, 10(3), 219-233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14763141.2011.59221210.1080\/14763141.2011.59221221936290","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2011.592212"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicchetti, D. V., & Allison, T. (1971). A new procedure for assessing reliability of scoring EEG sleep recordings. American Journal of EEG Technology, 11, 101-109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00029238.1971.1108084010.1080\/00029238.1971.11080840","DOI":"10.1080\/00029238.1971.11080840"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_021","unstructured":"Cohen, B. H. (2008). Explaining Psychological Statistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_022","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, R., Goodway, J. D., & Lidor, R. (2012). The effectiveness of aligned developmental feedback on the overhand throw in third-grade students. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 17(5), 525-541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17408989.2011.62323010.1080\/17408989.2011.623230","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2011.623230"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_024","unstructured":"Coules, \u0395., & Tzetzis, G. (2005). Systematic observation of the lesson of physical education with the use of OSCD-PE. Inquiries in Sport and Physical Education, 3, 204-211."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dania, A., Hatziharistos, D., Koutsouba, M., & Tyrovola, V. (2011). The use of technology in movement and dance education: Recent practices and future perspectives. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3355-3361. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.04.29910.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.04.299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.04.299"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Maeght, S., & Prinz, W. (2004). Action induction through action observation. Psychological Research, 68(2), 97-114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-003-0148-310.1007\/s00426-003-0148-314758473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-003-0148-3"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_027","unstructured":"Digelidis, N., Theodorakis, Y., Zetou, H., & Dimas, I. (2006). \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u0395\u2019 & \u03a3\u03a4\u2019 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd: \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd [Physical education 5th\u20136th grade of Elementary School: Teachers\u2019 book]. Greek Ministry of Education. Retrieved June, 2018, from http:\/\/www.pi-schools.gr\/books\/dimotiko\/gymn_est\/dask_est.pdf"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_028","unstructured":"Dougiamas, M., & Taylor, P. (2003). Moodle: Using learning communities to create an open source course management system. EdMedia+ Innovate Learning, 2003(1), 171-178. Retrieved December 3, 2019, from https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/13739"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn, O. J. (1964). Multiple comparisons using rank sums. Technometrics, 6(3), 241-252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00401706.1964.1049018110.1080\/00401706.1964.10490181","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1964.10490181"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_030","unstructured":"Dyson, G. H. G. (1977). The mechanics of athletics. New York, NY: Holmes & Meier Publishers."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_031","unstructured":"Edwards, W. H. (2010). Motor learning and control: From theory to practice. Belmont, CA, USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_032","unstructured":"Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2013). Statistical methods for rates and proportions (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_033","unstructured":"Frane, \u017d., Borovi\u0107, S., & Foreti\u0107, N. (2011). The correlation of motor abilities and javelin throwing results depends on the throwing technique. Facta Universitatis: Series Physical Education and Sport, 9(3), 219-227. Retrieved April 23, 2020, from http:\/\/facta.junis.ni.ac.rs\/pe\/pe201103\/pe201103-01.pdf"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French, K. E., & Thomas, J. R. (1987). The relation of knowledge development to children\u2019s basketball performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(1), 15-32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsp.9.1.1510.1123\/jsp.9.1.15","DOI":"10.1123\/jsp.9.1.15"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_035","unstructured":"Friesen, N. (2012). Report: Defining blended learning. Learning Spaces, August p.10 Retrieved March 12, 2017, from https:\/\/www.normfriesen.info\/papers\/Defining_Blended_Learning_NF.pdf"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallego, I. D., Gonz\u00e1lez, L. G., Calvo, T. G., Del Barco, B. L., & \u00c1lvarez, F. D. V. (2010). Expertise development in sport: contributions under cognitive psychology perspective. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 5(3), 462-475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4100\/jhse.2010.53.1610.4100\/jhse.2010.53.16","DOI":"10.4100\/jhse.2010.53.16"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_037","unstructured":"Gallahue, D. L., & Donnelly, F. C. (2007). Developmental physical education for all children."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_038","unstructured":"Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_039","unstructured":"Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C., & Goodway, J. (2006). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geri, N., Winer, A., & Zaks, B. (2017). Challenging the six-minute myth of online video lectures: Can interactivity expand the attention span of learners. Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management, 5(1), 101-111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36965\/OJAKM.2017.5(1)101-11110.36965\/OJAKM.2017.5(1)101-111","DOI":"10.36965\/OJAKM.2017.5(1)101-111"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_041","unstructured":"Graham, C. R. (2006). Handbook of blended learning: Global Perspectives, local designs. San Francisco. Pfeiffer Publishing."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gromeier, M., Koester, D., & Schack, T. (2017). Gender differences in motor skills of the overarm throw. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.0021210.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00212531348728261142","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00212"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_043","unstructured":"H5P (2017). H5P Interactive HTML5 Content. Retrieved July 3, 2017, from https:\/\/h5p.org\/"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond, J., Cherrett, T., & Waterson, B. (2015). Making in-class skills training more effective: The scope for interactive videos to complement the delivery of practical pedestrian training. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(6), 1344-1353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.1220510.1111\/bjet.12205","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12205"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_045","unstructured":"Harris, F. (2009). Visual technology in physical education. Physical and Health Education Journal, 74(4), 24-27. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/visual-technology-physical-education\/docview\/214319009\/se-2?accountid=8359"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The Power of Feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81-112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543029848710.3102\/003465430298487","DOI":"10.3102\/003465430298487"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_047","unstructured":"Hay, J. G. (1985). The biomechanics of sports techniques (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_048","unstructured":"Hay, J. G., & Reid, J. G. (1988). Anatomy, mechanics, and human motion. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, S. J., Ashford, D., & Bennett, S. J. (2008). Goal-directed imitation: The means to an end. Acta Psychologica, 127(2), 407-415. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2007.07.00910.1016\/j.actpsy.2007.07.00917880901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2007.07.009"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, H.-C., Shwu-Ching Young, S., & Lin, K.-C. (2018). Exploring the effects of integrating the iPad to improve students\u2019 motivation and badminton skills: a WISER model for physical education. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 27(3), 265-278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1475939X.2017.138475610.1080\/1475939X.2017.1384756","DOI":"10.1080\/1475939X.2017.1384756"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamnardsiri, T., Khuwuthyakorn, P., Boripuntakul, S., & Janchai, W. (2021). A knowledge-based smart trainer system for transferring knowledge from coaches to long jump students. Frontiers in Education, 6, Article 609114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.60911410.3389\/feduc.2021.609114","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.609114"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kernodle, M. W., & Carlton, L. G. (1992). Information Feedback and the Learning of Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Activities. Journal of Motor Behavior, 24(2), 187-195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222895.1992.994161410.1080\/00222895.1992.994161414977618","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1992.9941614"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluger, A. N., & DeNisi, A. (1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological bulletin, 119(2), 254-284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.119.2.25410.1037\/0033-2909.119.2.254","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.119.2.254"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_054","unstructured":"Kretschmann, R. (2017). Employing Tablet Technology for Video Feedback in Physical Education Swimming Class. Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, 13(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20368\/1971-8829\/143"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knudson, D. (2000). What Can Professionals Qualitatively Analyze? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 71(2), 19-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07303084.2000.1060599710.1080\/07303084.2000.10605997","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2000.10605997"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_056","unstructured":"Knudson, D. (2007). Fundamentals of biomechanics. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knudson, D., & Kluka, D. A. (1997). The impact of vision and vision training on sport performance. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 68(4), 17-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07303084.1997.1060492210.1080\/07303084.1997.10604922","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.1997.10604922"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knudson, D., & Morrison, C. (1996). An Integrated Qualitative Analysis of Overarm Throwing. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 67(6), 31-36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07303084.1996.1060479510.1080\/07303084.1996.10604795","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.1996.10604795"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_059","unstructured":"Kyriakidis, G., & Papadakis, S. (2015). Blended learning in K-12 Education: A case study for teaching athletics in Physical Education. In A. Palalas, H. Norman, & P. Pawluk (Eds.) Blended Learning for the 21st Century Learner (pp. 36-43). Kavala: IABL. https:\/\/iabl.org\/IABL2016"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalla, M. (2017). Fundamental characteristics and statistical analysis of ordinal variables: a review. Quality & Quantity, 51(1), 435-458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-016-0314-510.1007\/s11135-016-0314-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-016-0314-5"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legrain, P., Gillet, N., Gernigon, C., & Lafreniere, M.-A. (2015). Integration of information and communication technology and pupils\u2019 motivation in a Physical Education setting. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 34(3), 384-401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jtpe.2014-001310.1123\/jtpe.2014-0013","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2014-0013"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_062","unstructured":"Leigh, S., Liu, H., & Yu, B. (2010). Associations between javelin throwing technique and aerodynamic distance. In R. Jensen, W. Ebben, E. Petushek, C. Richter, & K. Roemer, Scientific Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (pp. 354-355). Marquette, MI: I.S.B.S. https:\/\/ojs.ub.unikonstanz.de\/cpa\/article\/view\/4463\/4152"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Leigh, S., & Yu, B. (2014). Comparison of sequence of trunk and arm motions between short and long official distance groups in javelin throwing. Sports Biomechanics, 13 (1), 17-32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14763141.2013.86513810.1080\/14763141.2013.86513824968508","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2013.865138"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_064","unstructured":"Magill, R., & Anderson, D. (2014). Motor learning and control (10nth ed.). New York. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_065","unstructured":"Marschall, F., Bund, A., & Wiemeyer, J. (2007). Does frequent augmented feedback really degrade learning? A meta-analysis. Bewegung und Training, 1, 75-86. Retrieved March 21, 2019, from https:\/\/www.sportwissenschaft.de\/fileadmin\/pdf\/BuT\/marschall.pdf"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, R. E. (1999). Multimedia aids to problem-solving transfer. International Journal of Educational Research, 31(7), 611-623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0883-0355(99)00027-010.1016\/S0883-0355(99)00027-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-0355(99)00027-0"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, R. E. (2002). Multimedia learning. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 41, 85-139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0079-7421(02)80005-610.1016\/S0079-7421(02)80005-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(02)80005-6"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, R. E. (2017). Using multimedia for e-learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 33(5), 403-423. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.1219710.1111\/jcal.12197","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12197"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, R. E., Dow, G. T., & Mayer, S. (2003). Multimedia learning in an interactive self-explaining environment: What works in the design of agent-based microworlds? Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 806-812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.95.4.80610.1037\/0022-0663.95.4.806","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.4.806"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_070","unstructured":"Mavragani, M., Zetou, E., Michalopoulou, M., & Aggelousis N. (2021). The effect of an expert model observation in the performance and learning of the long jump in children of age 9-11 years. Exercise and Society, 67, 58-68. Retrieved January 13, 2021, from http:\/\/ojs.staff.duth.gr\/ojs\/index.php\/ExSoc\/article\/view\/438\/389"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_071","unstructured":"Maximov, R. (1979). Attention: Error in the javelin throw. Soviet Sports Review, 14(1), 8-10."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCrum-Gardner, E. (2008). Which is the correct statistical test to use? British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 46(1), 38-41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.09.00210.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.09.00217961892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.09.002"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_073","unstructured":"McDonald, J. H. (2009). Handbook of biological statistics (Vol. 2): sparky house publishing Baltimore, MD."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McPherson, S. L., & Thomas, J. R. (1989). Relation of knowledge and performance in boys\u2019 tennis: Age and expertise. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48(2), 190-211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-0965(89)90002-710.1016\/0022-0965(89)90002-72794853","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(89)90002-7"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mero, A., Komi, P. V., Korjus, T., Navarro, E., & Gregor, R. J. (1994). Body segment contributions to javelin throwing during final thrust phases. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 10(2), 166-177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jab.10.2.16610.1123\/jab.10.2.166","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.10.2.166"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_076","unstructured":"Mohnsen, B. S. (1995). Using technology in Physical Education. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morriss, C., & Bartlett, R. (1996). Biomechanical factors critical for performance in the men\u2019s javelin throw. Sports Medicine, 21(6), 438-446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-199621060-0000510.2165\/00007256-199621060-000058784963","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199621060-00005"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_078","unstructured":"Morriss, C., Bartlett, R., & Navarro, E. (2001). The function of blocking in elite javelin throws: A re-evaluation. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 41(3), 175-190."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6dinger, M., Woll, A., & Wagner, I. (2021). Video-based visual feedback to enhance motor learning in physical education\u2014a systematic review. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12662-021-00782-y10.1007\/s12662-021-00782-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-021-00782-y"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulder, T., & Hulstijn, W. (1985). Delayed sensory feedback in the learning of a novel motor task. Psychological Research, 47(4), 203-209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF0030944710.1007\/BF003094474089081","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309447"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, K. R., Thomas, J. R., & Nelson, J. K. (1991). Longitudinal change in throwing performance: Gender differences. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62(1), 105-108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.1991.1060752610.1080\/02701367.1991.106075262028085","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1991.10607526"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_082","unstructured":"Ogiolda, P. (1993). The javelin throw and the role of speed in throwing events. New Studies in Athletics, 8(3), 7-13. Retrieved September 12, 2018, from  https:\/\/www.worldathletics.org\/download\/downloadnsa?filename=d013751d-0cf0-41ae-b368-e88251755dcc.pdf&urlslug=the-javelin-throw-and-the-role-of-speed-in-th"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Keeffe, S. L., Harrison, A. J., & Smyth, P. J. (2007). Transfer or specificity? An applied investigation into the relationship between fundamental overarm throwing and related sport skills. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 12(2), 89-102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1740898070128199510.1080\/17408980701281995","DOI":"10.1080\/17408980701281995"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Loughlin, J., Chr\u00f3in\u00edn, D. N., & O\u2019Grady, D. (2013). Digital video: The impact on children\u2019s learning experiences in primary physical education. European Physical Education Review, 19(2), 165-182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F1356336X1348605010.1177\/1356336X13486050","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X13486050"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_085","unstructured":"Ong, N. T., & Hodges, N. J. (2012). Mixing it up a little: How to schedule observational practice. In N. J. Hodges & A. M. williams (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport (pp. 22-39). New York, NY: Routledge."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palao, J. M., Hastie, P. A., Cruz, P. G., & Ortega, E. (2015). The impact of video technology on student performance in physical education. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 24(1), 51-63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1475939X.2013.81340410.1080\/1475939X.2013.813404","DOI":"10.1080\/1475939X.2013.813404"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer, H. A., Newell, K. M., Mulloy, F., Gordon, D., Smith, L., & Williams, G. K. R. (2020). Movement form of the overarm throw for children at 6, 10 and 14 years of age. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(9), 1254-1262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2020.183462210.1080\/17461391.2020.183462233028155","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1834622"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_088","unstructured":"Panoutsakopoulos, V., & Kollias, I. (2008). \u039a\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0391\u03b8\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc (1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2) [Track and Field Technique Assessment Sheets (Vol. 1)]. Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Publishing Service."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_089","unstructured":"Panoutsakopoulos, V., & Kollias, I. (2013). Kinematics of the delivery phase and release parameters of top female javelin throwers. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 19(1), 32-43. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from  https:\/\/www.kinsi.si\/mma\/047170_243.pdf\/201805221111470019\/"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_090","unstructured":"Panoutsakopoulos, V., Vujkov, N., Kotzamanidou, M. C., & Vujkov, S. (2016). Technique assessment of the javelin release performed by young Serbian athletes. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 14(2), 127-136. http:\/\/casopisi.junis.ni.ac.rs\/index.php\/FUPhysEdSport\/article\/view\/1069"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panteli, F., Tsolakis, C., Efthimiou, D., & Smirniotou, A. (2013). Acquisition of the long jump skill, using different learning techniques. The Sport Psychologist, 27(1), 40\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/tsp.27.1.4010.1123\/tsp.27.1.40","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.27.1.40"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papastergiou, M. (2009). Exploring the potential of computer and video games for health and physical education: A literature review. Computers and Education, 53(3), 603-622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.04.00110.1016\/j.compedu.2009.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.04.001"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papastergiou, M., & Gerodimos, V. (2013). Can learning of basketball be enhanced through a web-based multimedia course? An experimental study. Education and Information Technologies, 18(3), 459-478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-012-9186-z10.1007\/s10639-012-9186-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-012-9186-z"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potdevin, F., Vors, O., Huchez, A., Lamour, M., Davids, K., & Schnitzler, C. (2018). How can video feedback be used in physical education to support novice learning in gymnastics? Effects on motor learning, self-assessment and motivation. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(6), 559-574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17408989.2018.148513810.1080\/17408989.2018.1485138","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2018.1485138"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puklavec, A., Antekolovi\u0107, L., & Mikuli\u0107, P. (2021). Acquisition of the long jump skill using varying feedback. Croatian Journal of Education, 23(1), 107-132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15516\/cje.v23i1.399410.15516\/cje.v23i1.3994","DOI":"10.15516\/cje.v23i1.3994"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, J. T. E. (2011). Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educational Research Review, 6(2), 135-147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.00110.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.001"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_097","unstructured":"Rink, J. (2006). Teaching physical education for learning (5th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rink, J. E., & Hall, T. J. (2008). Research on effective teaching in elementary school physical education. The Elementary School Journal, 108(3), 207-218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/52910310.1086\/529103","DOI":"10.1086\/529103"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_099","unstructured":"Roberton, M. A., & Halverson, L. E. (1984). Developing children \u2013 Their changing movement: A guide for teachers. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rucci, J. A., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2010). Three Types of Kinematic Feedback and the Execution of the Hang Power Clean. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 771-778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cbab9610.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cbab9620145553","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cbab96"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_101","unstructured":"Russell, T. L. I. (1999). The no significant difference phenomenon : a comparative research annotated bibliography on technology for distance education.. Raleigh. North Carolina State University. Retrieved June 6, 2019, from http:\/\/catalog.hathitrust.org\/api\/volumes\/oclc\/50199612.html"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, D. A., Chevidikunnan, M. F., Khan, F. R., & Gaowgzeh, R. A. (2016). Effectiveness of knowledge of result and knowledge of performance in the learning of a skilled motor activity by healthy young adults. Journal of physical therapy science, 28(5), 1482-1486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1589\/jpts.28.148210.1589\/jpts.28.1482490589427313355","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.1482"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_103","unstructured":"Schmidt, R. A., Lee, T. D., Winstein, C., Wulf, G., & Zelaznik, H. N. (2018). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_104","unstructured":"Schmidt, R. A., & Wrisberg, C. A. (2008). Motor learning and performance: A situation-based learning approach. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_105","unstructured":"Schmolinsky, G. (1983). Track and Field. Berlin: Sportverlag."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigrist, R., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2013). Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(1), 21-53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-012-0333-810.3758\/s13423-012-0333-823132605","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0333-8"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman, S. (1991). Research on teaching in physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62(4), 352-364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.1991.1060753310.1080\/02701367.1991.106075331780555","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1991.10607533"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_108","unstructured":"Silvester, J. (2003). Complete book of throws. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_109","unstructured":"Siskos, A., Antoniou, P., Papaioannou, A., & Laparidis, K. (2005). Effects of multimedia computer-assisted instruction (MCAI) on academic achievement in physical education of Greek primary students. Interactive Educational Multimedia(10), 61-77."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorgente, V., Cohen, E. J., Bravi, R., & Minciacchi, D. (2022). The best of two different visual instructions in improving precision ball-throwing and standing long jump performances in primary school children. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 7, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk701000810.3390\/jfmk7010008878845835076546","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk7010008"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_111","unstructured":"Staker, H., & Horn, M. B. (2012). Classifying K-12 Blended Learning. Innosight Institute. Retrieved November 24, 2019, from http:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED535180.pdf"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ste-Marie, D. M., Law, B., Rymal, A. M., Jenny, O., Hall, C., & McCullagh, P. (2012). Observation interventions for motor skill learning and performance: an applied model for the use of observation. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(2), 145-176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750984X.2012.66507610.1080\/1750984X.2012.665076","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2012.665076"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stockwell, B. R., Stockwell, M. S., Cennamo, M., & Jiang, E. (2015). Blended learning improves science education. Cell, 162(5), 933-936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.00910.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.00926317458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.009"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_114","unstructured":"Tazuke, S. (2009). The relation analysis on throwing angle and motion in javelin throw. In S. Loland, K. B\u00f8, K. Fasting, J. Hall\u00e9n, Y. Ommundsen, G. Roberts, & E. Tsolakidis, Book of Abstracts of the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science (p. 28). Oslo: E.C.S.S."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_115","unstructured":"Tidow, G. (1989). Models for teaching techniques and assessing movements in athletics. New Studies in Athletics, 4(3), 43-45. Retrieved March 29, 2020, from https:\/\/www.worldathletics.org\/download\/downloadnsa?filename=e00de674-4b27-4bad-a53e-8a66d71930b4.pdf&urlslug=models-for-teaching-techniques-and-assessing"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_116","unstructured":"Tidow, G. (1996). Model technique analysis sheets-Part X: The javelin throw. New Studies in Athletics, 11, 45-62. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from https:\/\/www.worldathletics.org\/download\/downloadnsa?filename=a9fdbb5c-7e9c-4f27-80f9-ef000351e0c4.pdf&urlslug=model-technique-analysis-sheets-part-x-the"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, J. R., French, K. E., & Humphries, C. A. (1986). Knowledge development and sport skill performance: Directions for motor behavior research. Journal of sport Psychology, 8(4), 259-272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsp.8.4.25910.1123\/jsp.8.4.259","DOI":"10.1123\/jsp.8.4.259"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thow, J. L., Naemi, R., & Sanders, R. H. (2012). Comparison of modes of feedback on glide performance in swimming. Journal of sports sciences, 30(1), 43-52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2011.62453710.1080\/02640414.2011.62453722168429","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.624537"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_119","unstructured":"Tomczak, M., & Tomczak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends in sport sciences, 1(21), 19-25."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_120","unstructured":"Tzetzis, G., & Lola, A. (2015). Motor Learning and Development. Hellenic Academic Libraries Link. Retrieved March 15, 2020, from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11419\/329"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_121","unstructured":"Tzetzis, G., Votsis, E., & Kourtessis, T. (2008). The effect of different corrective feedback methods on the outcome and self confidence of young athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 7(3), 371-378."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_122","unstructured":"U.N. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 25 October, 2021, from https:\/\/population.un.org\/wup\/Download\/"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_123","unstructured":"Vasiliadou, O., Hristakis, E., Derri, V., & Emmanouilidou, K. (2006). Elementary Physical Educator assessment in qualitative teaching elements. Inquiries in Sport and Physical Education, 4(1), 29-38. Retrieved February 12, 2020, from http:\/\/www.hape.gr\/emag\/vol4_1\/hape129.pdf"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Beurden, E., Zask, A., Barnett, L. M., & Dietrich, U. C. (2002). Fundamental movement skills - How do primary school children perform? The \u2018Move it Groove it\u2019 program in rural Australia. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 5(3), 244-252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1440-2440(02)80010-X10.1016\/S1440-2440(02)80010-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(02)80010-X"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Kamp, J., Duivenvoorden, J., Kok, M., & van Hilvoorde, I. (2015). Motor skill learning in groups: Some proposals for applying implicit learning and self-controlled feedback. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 11(39), 33-47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5232\/ricyde2015.0390310.5232\/ricyde2015.03903","DOI":"10.5232\/ricyde2015.03903"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_126","unstructured":"Vernadakis, N., Antoniou, P., Zetou, E., Kioumourtzoglou, E. (2004). Comparison of three different instructional methods on teaching the skill of shooting in basketball. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 46(5), 421-440."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_127","unstructured":"Vernadakis, N., Avgerinos, A., Zetou, E., Giannousi, M., & Kioumourtzoglou, E. (2006). Comparison of multimedia computer assisted instruction, traditional instruction and combined instruction on learning the skill of long jump. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 5(1), 17-32."},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vernadakis, N., Giannousi, M., Derri, V., Michalopoulos, M., & Kioumourtzoglou, E. (2012). The impact of blended and traditional instruction in students\u2019 performance. Procedia Technology, 1, 439-443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.protcy.2012.02.09810.1016\/j.protcy.2012.02.098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2012.02.098"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vernadakis, N., Zetou, E., Avgerinos, A., Giannousi, M., & Kioumourtzoglou, E. (2006). The effects of multimedia computer-assisted instruction on middle school students\u2019 volleyball performance. In E. F. Moritz & S. Haake (Eds.), The Engineering of Sport 6 (pp. 221-226). New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-45951-6_4010.1007\/978-0-387-45951-6_40","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45951-6_40"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, P., & Ayvazo, S. (2016). Pedagogical content knowledge: Conceptions and findings in physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 35(3), 194-207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jtpe.2016-003710.1123\/jtpe.2016-0037","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2016-0037"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weir, T., & Connor, S. (2009). The use of digital video in physical education. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 18(2), 155-171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1475939090299264210.1080\/14759390902992642","DOI":"10.1080\/14759390902992642"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiemeyer, J. (2008). Multimedia in sport: between illusion and realism. WIT Transactions on State of the Art in Science and Engineering: Computers in Sport, 32, 293-317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2495\/978-1-84564-064-4\/1110.2495\/9781845640644\/11","DOI":"10.2495\/9781845640644\/11"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wulf, G., & Shea, C. H. (2002). Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 9(2), 185-211. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF0319627610.3758\/BF03196276","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196276"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wulf, G., Shea, C. H., & Matschiner, S. (1998). Frequent Feedback Enhances Complex Motor Skill Learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 30(2), 180-192. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0022289980960133510.1080\/0022289980960133520037033","DOI":"10.1080\/00222899809601335"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zetou, E., Tzetzis, G., Vernadakis, N., & Kioumourtzoglou, E. (2002). Modeling in learning two volleyball skills. Perceptual and motor skills, 94(3_suppl), 1131-1142.10.2466\/pms.2002.94.3c.113112186234","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2002.94.3c.1131"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, J., Liu, Q., & Yang, Z. (2012). Development of a Moodle course for schoolchildren\u2019s table tennis learning based on Competence Motivation Theory: Its effectiveness in comparison to traditional training method. Computers & Education, 59(2), 294-303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.01.00810.1016\/j.compedu.2012.01.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.01.008"},{"key":"2026042808574839462_j_ijcss-2022-0010_ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Shao, W. D., & Wang, L. (2021). Effects of Feedback on Students\u2019 Motor Skill Learning in Physical Education: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6281 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph1812628110.3390\/ijerph18126281829604434200657","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126281"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Science in Sport"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/ijcss-2022-0010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:25:58Z","timestamp":1777397158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/ijcss-2022-0010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/ijcss-2022-0010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/ijcss-2022-0010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1684-4769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1684-4769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}