{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T07:03:05Z","timestamp":1772434985064,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jdis-2019-0009_s_006_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b1Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d2927763e9881_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b1aAa\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study how economic parameters affect positions in the Academic Ranking of World Universities\u2019 top 500 published by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Graduate School of Education in countries\/regions with listed higher education institutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jdis-2019-0009_s_007_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b2Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d2927763e9889_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b2aAa\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The methodology used capitalises on the multi-variate characteristics of the data analysed. The multi-colinearity problem posed is solved by running principal components prior to regression analysis, using both classical (OLS) and robust (Huber and Tukey) methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jdis-2019-0009_s_008_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b3Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d2927763e9897_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b3aAa\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results revealed that countries\/regions with long ranking traditions are highly competitive. Findings also showed that some countries\/regions such as Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy, had a larger number of universities in the top positions than predicted by the regression model. In contrast, for Japan, a country where social and economic performance is high, the number of ARWU universities projected by the model was much larger than the actual figure. In much the same vein, countries\/regions that invest heavily in education, such as Japan and Denmark, had lower than expected results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jdis-2019-0009_s_009_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b4Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d2927763e9905_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b4aAa\">Research limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from only one ranking is a limitation of this study, but the methodology used could be useful to other global rankings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jdis-2019-0009_s_010_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b5Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d2927763e9914_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b5aAa\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results provide good insights for policy makers. They indicate the existence of a relationship between research output and the number of universities per million inhabitants. Countries\/regions, which have historically prioritised higher education, exhibited highest values for indicators that compose the rankings methodology; furthermore, minimum increase in welfare indicators could exhibited significant rises in the presence of their universities on the rankings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jdis-2019-0009_s_011_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b6Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d2927763e9922_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1aab1c17b6aAa\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is well defined and the result answers important questions about characteristics of countries\/regions and their higher education system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/jdis-2019-0009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T05:31:06Z","timestamp":1560490266000},"page":"56-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Does a Country\/Region\u2019s Economic Status Affect Its Universities\u2019 Presence in International Rankings?"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Esteban Fern\u00e1ndez","family":"Tuesta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Artes, Ci\u00eancias e Humanidades, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Library Science and Documentation, Carlos III University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Garcia-Zorita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Library Science and Documentation, Carlos III University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Metric Studies on Information (LEMI), Carlos III University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute for Higher Education and Science (INAECU) , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Associated Unit IFS (CSIC)-LEMI (UC3M), Carlos III University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosario Romera","family":"Ayllon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Higher Education and Science (INAECU) , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, Carlos III University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u00edas","family":"Sanz-Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Library Science and Documentation, Carlos III University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Metric Studies on Information (LEMI), Carlos III University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute for Higher Education and Science (INAECU) , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Associated Unit IFS (CSIC)-LEMI (UC3M), Carlos III University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030206335939563_j_jdis-2019-0009_ref_001_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1b6b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguillo, I. 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