{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T05:48:48Z","timestamp":1770097728895,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593734400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study is to investigate the historical and linguistic coverage of Google Scholar, using publications in the field of Roman law as an example.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To create a dataset of Roman law publications, we retrieved a total of 21,300 records of publications, published between years 1500 and 2016, with title including words denoting \u201cRoman law\u201d in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We were able to find publications dating back to 1727. The largest number of publications and authors date to the late 19\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      century, and this peak might be explained by the role of Roman law in French legal education at the time. Furthermore, we found exceptionally skewed concentration of publications to authors, as well as of citations to publications. We speculate that this could be explained by the long time-frame of the study, and the importance of classic works.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research limitation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major limitations, and potential future work, relate to data quality, and cleaning, disambiguation of publications and authors, as well as comparing coverage with other data sources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We find Google Scholar to be a promising data source for historical bibliometrics. This approach may help bridge the gap between bibliometrics and the \u201cdigital humanities\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Earlier studies have focused mainly on Google Scholar's coverage of publications and citations in general, or in specific fields. The historical coverage has, however, received less attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/jdis-2020-0024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T08:34:42Z","timestamp":1594370082000},"page":"18-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Historical Bibliometrics Using Google Scholar: The Case of Roman Law, 1727\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Janne","family":"P\u00f6l\u00f6nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of Finnish Learned Societies , Snellmaninkatu 13 , Helsinki , Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Hammarfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish School of Library and Information Science , University of Bor\u00e5s , All\u00e9gatan 1 , Bor\u00e5s , , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020217475713224_j_jdis-2020-0024_ref_001_w2aab3b7c62b1b6b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardanuy, J., Urbano, C., & Quintana, L. (2009). A citation analysis of Catalan literary studies (1974\u20132003): Towards a bibliometrics of humanities studies in minority languages. Scientometrics, 81(2), 347\u2013366.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-008-2143-3"},{"key":"2026020217475713224_j_jdis-2020-0024_ref_002_w2aab3b7c62b1b6b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornmann, L., & Leydesdorff, L. (2017). Skewness of citation impact data and covariates of citation distributions: A large-scale empirical analysis based on Web of Science data. Journal of Informetrics, 11(1), 164\u2013175.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2016.12.001"},{"key":"2026020217475713224_j_jdis-2020-0024_ref_003_w2aab3b7c62b1b6b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colavizza, G. (2018). Understanding the history of the humanities from a bibliometric perspective: Expansion, conjunctures, and traditions in the last decades of venetian historiography (1950\u20132013). 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Comparing the sizes of 12 academic search engines and bibliographic databases. Scientometrics, 118(1), 177\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2958-5"},{"key":"2026020217475713224_j_jdis-2020-0024_ref_008_w2aab3b7c62b1b6b1ab2b1b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halevi, G., Moed, H., & Bar-Ilan, J. (2017). Suitability of Google Scholar as a source of scientific information and as a source of data for scientific evaluation\u2014Review of the literature. Journal of Informetrics, 11(3), 823\u2013834.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2017.06.005"},{"key":"2026020217475713224_j_jdis-2020-0024_ref_009_w2aab3b7c62b1b6b1ab2b1b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammarfelt, B. (2012). Harvesting footnotes in a rural field: Citation patterns in Swedish literary studies. 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