{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:48:20Z","timestamp":1780073300142,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ranking lists of highly cited researchers receive much public attention. In common interpretations, highly cited researchers are perceived to have made extraordinary contributions to science. Thus, the metrics of highly cited researchers are often linked to notions of breakthroughs, scientific excellence, and lone geniuses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we analyze a sample of individuals who appear on\n                      <jats:italic>Clarivate Analytics<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019 Highly Cited Researchers list. The main purpose is to juxtapose the characteristics of their research performance against the claim that the list captures a small fraction of the researcher population that contributes disproportionately to extending the frontier and gaining\u2014on behalf of society\u2014knowledge and innovations that make the world healthier, richer, sustainable, and more secure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study reveals that the highly cited articles of the selected individuals generally have a very large number of authors. Thus, these papers seldom represent individual contributions but rather are the result of large collective research efforts conducted in research consortia. This challenges the common perception of highly cited researchers as individual geniuses who can be singled out for their extraordinary contributions. Moreover, the study indicates that a few of the individuals have not even contributed to highly cited original research but rather to reviews or clinical guidelines. Finally, the large number of authors of the papers implies that the ranking list is very sensitive to the specific method used for allocating papers and citations to individuals. In the \u201cwhole count\u201d methodology applied by\n                      <jats:italic>Clarivate Analytics<\/jats:italic>\n                      , each author gets full credit of the papers regardless of the number of additional co-authors. The study shows that the ranking list would look very different using an alternative fractionalised methodology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is based on a limited part of the total population of highly cited researchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is concluded that \u201cexcellence\u201d understood as highly cited encompasses very different types of research and researchers of which many do not fit with dominant preconceptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study develops further knowledge on highly cited researchers, addressing questions such as who becomes highly cited and the type of research that benefits by defining excellence in terms of citation scores and specific counting methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/jdis-2021-0019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T04:25:58Z","timestamp":1615436758000},"page":"41-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Lone Geniuses or One among Many? An Explorative Study of Contemporary Highly Cited Researchers"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Dag W.","family":"Aksnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation Research and Education (NIFU) , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaare","family":"Aagaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Centre for Studies in Research & Research Policy , Dept. of Political Science & Government , Midtjylland , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042921184342034_j_jdis-2021-0019_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksnes, D.W. (2003). Characteristics of highly cited papers. Research Evaluation, 12(3), 159\u2013170.","DOI":"10.3152\/147154403781776645"},{"key":"2026042921184342034_j_jdis-2021-0019_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksnes, D.W. (2006). Citation rates and perceptions of scientific contribution. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), 57(2), 169\u2013185.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20262"},{"key":"2026042921184342034_j_jdis-2021-0019_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksnes, D.W., Langfeldt, L., & Wouters, P. (2019). Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories. SAGE Open, 9(1). doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org10.1177\/2158244019829575","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019829575"},{"key":"2026042921184342034_j_jdis-2021-0019_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksnes, D.W., Schneider, J.W., & Gunnarsson, M. (2012). Ranking national research systems by citation indicators. A comparative analysis using whole and fractionalised counting methods. Journal of Informetrics, 6(1), 36\u201343. doi:10.1016\/j.joi.2011.08.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2011.08.002"},{"key":"2026042921184342034_j_jdis-2021-0019_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, A. (2006). Using ISI's \u2018Highly Cited Researchers\u2019 to obtain a country level indicator of citation excellence. Scientometrics, 68(3), 361\u2013375. doi:10.1007\/s11192-006-0117-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-006-0117-x"},{"key":"2026042921184342034_j_jdis-2021-0019_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batagelj, V., & Cerin\u0161ek, M. (2013). On bibliographic networks. Scientometrics, 96(3), 845\u2013864.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-012-0940-1"},{"key":"2026042921184342034_j_jdis-2021-0019_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumel, C., & Schniedermann, A. (2020). Studying review articles in scientometrics and beyond: A research agenda. 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