{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:15:52Z","timestamp":1785824152998,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A key question when ranking universities is whether or not to allocate the publication output of affiliated hospitals to universities. This paper presents a method for classifying the varying degrees of interdependency between academic hospitals and universities in the context of the Leiden Ranking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospital nomenclatures vary worldwide to denote some form of collaboration with a university, however they do not correspond to universally standard definitions. Thus, rather than seeking a normative definition of academic hospitals, we propose a three-step workflow that aligns the university-hospital relationship with one of three general models: full integration of the hospital and the medical faculty into a single organization; health science centres in which hospitals and medical faculty remain separate entities albeit within the same governance structure; and structures in which universities and hospitals are separate entities which collaborate with one another. This classification system provides a standard through which publications which mention affiliations with academic hospitals can be better allocated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the paper we illustrate how the three-step workflow effectively translates the three above-mentioned models into two types of instrumental relationships for the assignation of publications: \u201cassociate\u201d and \u201ccomponent\u201d. When a hospital and a medical faculty are fully integrated or when a hospital is part of a health science centre, the relationship is classified as component. When a hospital follows the model of collaboration and support, the relationship is classified as associate. The compilation of data following these standards allows for a more uniform comparison between worldwide educational and research systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The workflow is resource intensive, depends heavily on the information provided by universities and hospitals, and is more challenging for languages that use non-Latin characters. Further, the application of the workflow demands a careful evaluation of different types of input which can result in ambiguity and makes it difficult to automatize.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determining the type of affiliation an academic hospital has with a university can have a substantial impact on the publication counts for universities. This workflow can also aid in analysing collaborations among the two types of organizations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The three-step workflow is a unique way to establish the type of relationship an academic hospital has with a university accounting for national and regional differences on nomenclature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/jdis-2022-0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T02:34:16Z","timestamp":1643855656000},"page":"20-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Three-Step Workflow: A Pragmatic Approach to Allocating Academic Hospitals\u2019 Affiliations for Bibliometric Purposes"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Andrea Reyes","family":"Elizondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University (Centre for Science and Technology Studies - CWTS) , P.O. Box 905 , Leiden AX , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Calero-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University (Centre for Science and Technology Studies - CWTS) , P.O. Box 905 , Leiden AX , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn S.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University (Centre for Science and Technology Studies - CWTS) , P.O. Box 905 , Leiden AX , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020218252589268_j_jdis-2022-0006_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altbach, P.G. (2004). Globalisation and the University: Myths and Realities in an Unequal World. 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