{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:09:20Z","timestamp":1770883760120,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium Advisory Board","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Personalized advertisement has changed the web. It lets websites monetize the content they offer. The downside is the continuous collection of personal information with significant threats to personal privacy. In 2002, the European Union (EU) introduced a first set of regulations on the use of online tracking technologies. It aimed, among other things, to make online tracking mechanisms explicit to increase privacy awareness among users.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Amended in 2009, the EU Directive mandates websites to ask for informed consent <jats:italic>before<\/jats:italic> using any kind of profiling technology, e.g., cookies. Since 2013, the ePrivacy Directive became mandatory, and each EU Member State transposed it in national legislation. Since then, most of European websites embed a \u201cCookie Bar\u201d, the most visible effect of the regulation.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In this paper, we run a large-scale measurement campaign to check the current implementation status of the EU cookie directive. For this, we use CookieCheck, a simple tool to automatically verify legislation violations. Results depict a shady picture: 49 % of websites do not respect the Directive and install profiling cookies <jats:italic>before<\/jats:italic> any user\u2019s consent is given.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Beside presenting a detailed picture, this paper casts lights on the difficulty of legislator attempts to regulate the troubled marriage between ad-supported web services and their users. In this picture, online privacy seems to be continuously at stake, and it is hard to reach transparency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2019-0023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T15:27:08Z","timestamp":1557156428000},"page":"126-145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["4 Years of EU Cookie Law: Results and Lessons Learned"],"prefix":"10.56553","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Martino","family":"Trevisan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino ,"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Traverso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino, Ermes Cyber Security SRL ,"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino ,"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mellia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Torino, Ermes Cyber Security SRL ,"}]}],"member":"35752","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_001_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","unstructured":"[1] Chrome DevTools Protocol. https:\/\/chromedevtools.github.io\/devtools-protocol\/."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_002_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","unstructured":"[2] CookieCheck Dataset. https:\/\/scans.io\/study\/polito-har-crawl."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_003_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","unstructured":"[3] CookieCheck online tool. http:\/\/cookiecheck.polito.it\/."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_004_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab4Aa","unstructured":"[4] CookieChecker Code Repository. https:\/\/github.com\/CookieChecker\/CookieCheckSourceCode."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_005_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab5Aa","unstructured":"[5] HttpArchive. https:\/\/httparchive.org\/."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_006_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab6Aa","unstructured":"[6] HttpArchive dataset. https:\/\/console.cloud.google.com\/storage\/browser\/httparchive."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_007_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab7Aa","unstructured":"[7] Similarweb. https:\/\/www.similarweb.com\/."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_008_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab8Aa","unstructured":"[8] Webpagetest. https:\/\/www.webpagetest.org\/."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_009_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ab9Aa","unstructured":"[9] Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe, COM(2015) 192 final), 2015."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_010_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] Acar, G., Eubank, C., Englehardt, S., Juarez, M., Narayanan, A., and Diaz, C. The web never forgets: Persistent tracking mechanisms in the wild. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (New York, NY, USA, 2014), CCS \u201914, ACM, pp. 674\u2013689.10.1145\/2660267.2660347","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660347"},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_011_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac11Aa","unstructured":"[11] Art. 29 Data Protection Working Party. Opinion 15\/2011 on the definition of consent, 2011. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/justice\/policies\/privacy\/docs\/wpdocs\/2011\/wp187_en.pdf."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_012_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac12Aa","unstructured":"[12] Art. 29 Data Protection Working Party. Opinion 04\/2012. on Cookie Consent Exemption, 2012. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/justice\/data-protection\/article-29\/documentation\/opinion-recommendation\/files\/2012\/wp194_en.pdf."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_013_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac13Aa","unstructured":"[13] Art. 29 Data Protection Working Party. Working Document 02\/2013 providing guidance on obtaining consent for cookies, 2013. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/justice\/data-protection\/article-29\/documentation\/opinion-recommendation\/files\/2013\/wp208_en.pdf."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_014_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac14Aa","unstructured":"[14] Art. 29 Data Protection Working Party. Opinion 03\/2016 on the Evaluation and Review of the ePrivacy Directive (2002\/58\/EC), 2016. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/justice\/data-protection\/article-29\/documentation\/opinion-recommendation\/files\/2016\/wp240_en.pdf."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_015_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[15] Barford, P., Canadi, I., Krushevskaja, D., Ma, Q., and Muthukrishnan, S. Adscape: Harvesting and analyzing online display ads. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web (New York, NY, USA, 2014), WWW \u201914, ACM, pp. 597\u2013608.10.1145\/2566486.2567992","DOI":"10.1145\/2566486.2567992"},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_016_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[16] Barth, A. HTTP State Management Mechanism. RFC 6265, Apr. 2011.10.17487\/rfc6265","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc6265"},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_017_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[17] Borghi, M., Ferretti, F., and Karapapa, S. Online data processing consent under EU law: a theoretical framework and empirical evidence from the UK. International Journal of Law and Information Technology 21, 2 (2013), 109\u2013153.","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/eat001"},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_018_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18] Carpineto, C., Lo Re, D., and Romano, G. Automatic assessment of website compliance to the european cookie law with coolcheck. 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International Journal of Law and Information Technology 25, 1 (2017), 38\u201362.","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/eaw013"},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_021_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac21Aa","unstructured":"[21] Council of European Union. Directive 2002\/58\/EC concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications), 2002. http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32002L0058."},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_022_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac22Aa","unstructured":"[22] Council of European Union. 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Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2018, 1 (2018), 109 \u2013 126.","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2018-0006"},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_030_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[30] Englehardt, S., and Narayanan, A. Online tracking: A 1-million-site measurement and analysis. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (New York, NY, USA, 2016), CCS \u201916, ACM, pp. 1388\u20131401.10.1145\/2976749.2978313","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978313"},{"key":"2022042401325638269_j_popets-2019-0023_ref_031_w2aab3b7b8b1b6b1ab1ac31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[31] Englehardt, S., Reisman, D., Eubank, C., Zimmerman, P., Mayer, J., Narayanan, A., and Felten, E. W. Cookies that give you away: The surveillance implications of web tracking. 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