{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:02:56Z","timestamp":1763748176957},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium Advisory Board","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Vehicular data-collection platforms as part of Original Equipment Manufacturers\u2019 (OEMs\u2019) connected telematics services are on the rise in order to provide diverse connected services to the users. They also allow the collected data to be shared with third-parties upon users\u2019 permission. Under the current suggested permission model, we find these platforms leaking users\u2019 location information without explicitly obtaining users\u2019 permission. We analyze the accuracy of inferring a vehicle\u2019s location from seemingly benign steering wheel angle (SWA) traces, and show its impact on the driver\u2019s location privacy. By collecting and processing real-life SWA traces, we can infer the users\u2019 exact traveled routes with up to 71% accuracy, which is much higher than the state-of-the-art.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2020-0022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T15:01:19Z","timestamp":1590505279000},"page":"155-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["SPy: Car Steering Reveals Your Trip Route!"],"prefix":"10.56553","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Mert D.","family":"Pes\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Michigan - Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Michigan - Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang G.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Michigan - Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"35752","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_001_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","unstructured":"[1] Matt McFarland. Your car\u2019s data may soon be more valuable than the car itself, February 2017. http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2017\/02\/07\/technology\/car-data-value\/index.html."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_002_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","unstructured":"[2] Tom Krischer and Dee-Ann Durbin. Q&a: The data your car collects and who can use it. https:\/\/apnews.com\/31c018cdbc634d42a7c97d04774954b1, Sep 2016."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_003_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","unstructured":"[3] Bmw group launches bmw cardata: new and innovative services for customers, safely and transparently. https:\/\/www.press.bmwgroup.com\/global\/article\/detail\/T0271366EN\/bmw-group-launches-bmw-cardata:-new-and-innovative-services-for-customers-safely-and-transparently?language=en, May 2017."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_004_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ab4Aa","unstructured":"[4] United States Government Accountability Office. VEHICLE DATA Industry and Federal Efforts Under Way, but NHTSA Needs to Define Its Role. Technical report, 2017."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_005_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ab5Aa","unstructured":"[5] Consumer Privacy Protection Principles PRIVACY PRINCIPLES FOR VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES. ALLIANCE OF AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS, INC, 2014."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_006_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ab6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[6] Sashank Narain, Triet D. Vo-Huu, Kenneth Block, and Guevara Noubir. Inferring User Routes and Locations Using Zero-Permission Mobile Sensors. Proceedings - 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2016, pages 397\u2013413, 2016.10.1109\/SP.2016.31","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.31"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_007_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ab7Aa","unstructured":"[7] Yan Michalevsky, Gabi Nakibly, Aaron Schulman, Gunaa Arumugam Veerapandian, and Dan Boneh. PowerSpy: Location Tracking using Mobile Device Power Analysis. 24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 15), pages 785\u2013800, 2015."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_008_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ab8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] Lu Zhou, Qingrong Chen, Zutian Luo, Haojin Zhu, and Cailian Chen. Speed-Based Location Tracking in Usage-Based Automotive Insurance. Proceedings - International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pages 2252\u20132257, 2017.10.1109\/ICDCS.2017.278","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2017.278"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_009_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ab9Aa","unstructured":"[9] Xianyi Gao, Bernhard Firner, Shridatt Sugrim, Victor Kaiser-Pendergrast, Yulong Yang, and Janne Lindqvist. Elastic pathing. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing -UbiComp \u201914 Adjunct, pages 975\u2013986, New York, New York, USA, 2014. ACM Press."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_010_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] Rinku Dewri, Prasad Annadata, Wisam Eltarjaman, and Ramakrishna Thurimella. Inferring trip destinations from driving habits data. Proceedings of the 12th ACM workshop on Workshop on privacy in the electronic society - WPES \u201913, pages 267\u2013272, 2013.10.1145\/2517840.2517871","DOI":"10.1145\/2517840.2517871"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_011_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] Philippe Golle and Kurt Partridge. On the anonymity of home\/work location pairs. In Hideyuki Tokuda, Michael Beigl, Adrian Friday, A. J. Bernheim Brush, and Yoshito Tobe, editors, Pervasive Computing, pages 390\u2013397, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.10.1007\/978-3-642-01516-8_26","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01516-8_26"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_012_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac12Aa","unstructured":"[12] Sarwant Singh. Are car companies going to profit from your driving data? https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/sarwantsingh\/2017\/11\/06\/are-car-companies-going-to-profit-from-your-driving-data\/, Nov 2017."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_013_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac13Aa","unstructured":"[13] Obd - elm electronics. https:\/\/www.elmelectronics.com\/products\/ics\/obd\/, 2017."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_014_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac14Aa","unstructured":"[14] The openxc platform. http:\/\/openxcplatform.comOpenXC, 2017."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_015_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac15Aa","unstructured":"[15] Gartner says by 2020, a quarter billion connected vehicles will enable new in-vehicle services and automated driving capabilities. https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/newsroom\/id\/2970017."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_016_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac16Aa","unstructured":"[16] Lynn Walford. Definition of connected car \u2013 what is the connected car? defined. http:\/\/www.autoconnectedcar.com\/definition-of-connected-car-what-is-the-connected-cardefined\/, Jul 2018."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_017_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac17Aa","unstructured":"[17] Bmw cardata. https:\/\/youtu.be\/pcLsGapVkRY?t=770, Jan 2018."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_018_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac18Aa","unstructured":"[18] Pymnts. Who controls data in web-connected vehicles? https:\/\/www.pymnts.com\/innovation\/2018\/data-sharing-smart-cars-privacy\/, Jun 2018."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_019_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac19Aa","unstructured":"[19] Automotive data monetisation pricing and business models. http:\/\/www.frost.com\/c\/10046\/sublib\/frost-content.do?sheetName=report-overview&sheetGroup=MD48-01-00-00-00&viewName=virtual-brochure&repid=MD48-01-00-00-00, 2017."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_020_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac20Aa","unstructured":"[20] Ron Fricker. Linear Regression Analysis for Survey Data. Retrieved from http:\/\/faculty.nps.edu\/rdfricke\/MCOTEA_Docs\/Lecture%2015%20-%20Linear%20Regression%20Analysis%20for%20Survey%20Data.pdf."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_021_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[21] Dong Kyu Lee. Alternatives to p value: confidence interval and effect size. Korean journal of anesthesiology, 69(6):555\u2013562, 2016.","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2016.69.6.555"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_022_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac22Aa","unstructured":"[22] Bmw connecteddrive customer portal \u2013 connecting to your bmw digitally. https:\/\/www.bmw-connecteddrive.co.uk\/app\/index.html#\/portal\/faq-and-support?section=cardata."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_023_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac23Aa","unstructured":"[23] Curvature, Sep 2019."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_024_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac24Aa","unstructured":"[24] Adam Franco. Road curvature - find twisty roads. http:\/\/kml.roadcurvature.com\/, 2016."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_025_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac25Aa","unstructured":"[25] Suzanne E Lee, Erik CB Olsen, and Walter W Wierwille. A comprehensive examination of naturalistic lane-changes. Technical report, 2004."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_026_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac26Aa","unstructured":"[26] Research any vehicle in seconds. https:\/\/www.vehiclehistory.com\/."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_027_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac27Aa","unstructured":"[27] Luyang Liu, Hongyu Li, Jian Liu, Cagdas Karatas, Yan Wang, Marco Gruteser, Yingying Chen, and Richard P Martin. Bigroad: Scaling road data acquisition for dependable self-driving. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, pages 371\u2013384. ACM, 2017."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_028_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac28Aa","unstructured":"[28] Steering angle sensor for automotive applications. http:\/\/www.methode.com\/Documents\/TechnicalLibrary\/Steering_Angle_Sensor_Data_Sheet.pdf, 2007."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_029_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[29] Kassem Fawaz and Kang G Shin. Location privacy protection for smartphone users. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 239\u2013250. ACM, 2014.10.1145\/2660267.2660270","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660270"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_030_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[30] Bugra Gedik and Ling Liu. Protecting location privacy with personalized k-anonymity: Architecture and algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 7(1):1\u201318, 2008.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.1062"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_031_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[31] Bill Schilit, Jason Hong, and Marco Gruteser. Wireless location privacy protection. Computer, 36(12):135\u2013137, 2003.10.1109\/MC.2003.1250896","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2003.1250896"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_032_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac32Aa","unstructured":"[32] Dan Tynan. Why location privacy is important. https:\/\/www.itworld.com\/article\/2752981\/mobile\/why-location-privacy-is-important.html, Jun 2010."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_033_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[33] Jun Han, Emmanuel Owusu, Le T Nguyen, Adrian Perrig, and Joy Zhang. Accomplice: Location inference using accelerometers on smartphones. In Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS), 2012 Fourth International Conference on, pages 1\u20139. IEEE, 2012.10.1109\/COMSNETS.2012.6151305","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS.2012.6151305"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_034_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[34] Arsalan Mosenia, Xiaoliang Dai, Prateek Mittal, and Niraj Jha. Pinme: Tracking a smartphone user around the world. IEEE Transactions on Multi-Scale Computing Systems, 2017.10.1109\/TMSCS.2017.2751462","DOI":"10.1109\/TMSCS.2017.2751462"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_035_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac35Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[35] Miro Enev, Alex Takakuwa, Karl Koscher, and Tadayoshi Kohno. Automobile Driver Fingerprinting. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 2016(1), 2016.10.1515\/popets-2015-0029","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2015-0029"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_036_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac36Aa","unstructured":"[36] What is a vehicle identification number (vin)? https:\/\/www.autocheck.com\/vehiclehistory\/autocheck\/en\/vinbasics, 2018."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_037_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac37Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[37] P. Handel, I. Skog, J. Wahlstrom, F. Bonawiede, R. Welch, J. Ohlsson, and M. Ohlsson. Insurance telematics: Opportunities and challenges with the smartphone solution. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, 6(4):57\u201370, winter 2014.10.1109\/MITS.2014.2343262","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2014.2343262"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_038_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac38Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[38] I. Skog and P. Handel. Indirect instantaneous car-fuel consumption measurements. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 63(12):3190\u20133198, Dec 2014.10.1109\/TIM.2014.2315739","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2315739"},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_039_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac39Aa","unstructured":"[39] David Tracy. How electronic throttle control works. https:\/\/jalopnik.com\/how-electronic-throttle-control-works-499966101, May 2013."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_040_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac40Aa","unstructured":"[40] Transmission ratio rpm calculator. http:\/\/spicerparts.com\/calculators\/transmission-ratio-rpm-calculator, 2018."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_041_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac41Aa","unstructured":"[41] Philip Reed. What your check engine light is telling you. https:\/\/www.edmunds.com\/car-care\/what-your-check-engine-light-is-telling-you.html, May 2011."},{"key":"2022051411295184831_j_popets-2020-0022_ref_042_w2aab3b7c18b1b6b1ab1ac42Aa","unstructured":"[42] Openxc data set. http:\/\/openxcplatform.com\/about\/data-set.html."}],"container-title":["Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/popets\/2020\/2\/article-p155.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciendo.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/popets-2020-0022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T16:30:51Z","timestamp":1658334651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/petsymposium.org\/popets\/2020\/popets-2020-0022.php"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/popets-2020-0022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/popets-2020-0022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2299-0984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2299-0984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}}}