{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T21:54:44Z","timestamp":1793483684555,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium Advisory Board","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Overnight, Apple has turned its hundreds-of-million-device ecosystem into the world\u2019s largest crowd-sourced location tracking network called o~ine finding (OF). OF leverages online finder devices to detect the presence of missing o~ine devices using Bluetooth and report an approximate location back to the owner via the Internet. While OF is not the first system of its kind, it is the first to commit to strong privacy goals. In particular, OF aims to ensure finder anonymity, prevent tracking of owner devices, and confidentiality of location reports. This paper presents the first comprehensive security and privacy analysis of OF. To this end, we recover the specifications of the closed-source OF protocols by means of reverse engineering. We experimentally show that unauthorized access to the location reports allows for accurate device tracking and retrieving a user\u2019s top locations with an error in the order of 10 meters in urban areas. While we find that OF\u2019s design achieves its privacy goals, we discover two distinct design and implementation flaws that can lead to a location correlation attack and unauthorized access to the location history of the past seven days, which could deanonymize users. Apple has partially addressed the issues following our responsible disclosure. Finally, we make our research artifacts publicly available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2021-0045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T02:08:36Z","timestamp":1619662116000},"page":"227-245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Who Can <i>Find My<\/i> Devices? Security and Privacy of Apple\u2019s Crowd-Sourced Bluetooth Location Tracking System"],"prefix":"10.56553","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Mobile Networking Lab , Technical University of Darmstadt , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Stute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Mobile Networking Lab , Technical University of Darmstadt , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Kornhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Mobile Networking Lab , Technical University of Darmstadt , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Hollick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secure Mobile Networking Lab , Technical University of Darmstadt , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"35752","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022062314354734671_j_popets-2021-0045_ref_001_w2aab3b7c24b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","unstructured":"[1] Oleg Afonin. 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