{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:31:28Z","timestamp":1780457488565,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium Advisory Board","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the standardization of Wi-Fi Fine Timing Measurement (Wi-Fi FTM; IEEE 802.11mc), the IEEE introduced indoor positioning for Wi-Fi networks. To date, Wi-Fi FTM is the most widely supported Wi-Fi distance measurement and positioning system. In this paper, we perform the first privacy analysis of Wi-Fi FTM and evaluate devices from a wide variety of vendors. We find the protocol inherently leaks location-sensitive information. Most notably, we present techniques that allow any client to be localized and tracked by a solely passive adversary. We identify flaws inWi-Fi FTM MAC address randomization and present techniques to fingerprint stations with firmware-specific granularity further leaking client identity. We address these shortcomings and present a privacy-preserving passive positioning system that leverages existing Wi-Fi FTM infrastructure and requires no hardware changes. Due to the absence of any client-side transmission, our design hides the very existence of a client and as a side-effect improves overall scalability without compromising on accuracy. Finally, we present privacy-enhancing recommendations for the current and next-generation protocols such as Wi-Fi Next Generation Positioning (Wi-Fi NGP; IEEE 802.11az).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2022-0048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T04:36:27Z","timestamp":1646454987000},"page":"325-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Privacy-Preserving Positioning in Wi-Fi Fine Timing Measurement"],"prefix":"10.56553","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Domien","family":"Schepers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aanjhan","family":"Ranganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"35752","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_001","unstructured":"[1] IEEE Std 802.11e. Amendment 8: Medium Access Control (MAC) Quality of Service Enhancements, 2005."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_002","unstructured":"[2] Wi-Fi Alliance. Wi-fi aware. https:\/\/www.wi-fi.org\/discover-wi-fi\/wi-fi-aware, 2020 (Accessed 3 December 2020)."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_003","unstructured":"[3] Android. Privacy: Mac randomization. Accessed 03\/04\/2020 from https:\/\/source.android.com\/devices\/tech\/connect\/wifi-mac-randomization, 2020."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_004","unstructured":"[4] Android. Wi-fi location: ranging with rtt | android developers. https:\/\/developer.android.com\/guide\/topics\/connectivity\/wifi-rtt, 2020 (Accessed 18\/06\/2020)."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_005","unstructured":"[5] Apple. Use private wi-fi addresses in ios 14, ipados 14, and watchos 7. Retrieved 1 December 2020 from https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-us\/HT211227, 2020."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_006","unstructured":"[6] IEEE Standards Association et al. Ieee std 802.11-2012, ieee standard for local and metropolitan area networks\u2014part 11: Wireless lan medium access control (mac) and physical layer (phy) specifications, 2012."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_007","unstructured":"[7] IEEE Standards Association et al. Ieee std 802.11-2016, ieee standard for local and metropolitan area networks\u2014part 11: Wireless lan medium access control (mac) and physical layer (phy) specifications, 2016."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[8] Leor Banin, Ofer Bar-Shalom, Nir Dvorecki, and Yuval Amizur. Scalable wi-fi client self-positioning using cooperative ftm-sensors. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 68(10):3686\u20133698, 2018.10.1109\/TIM.2018.2880887","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2880887"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_009","unstructured":"[9] Leor Banin, Ofer Bar-Shalom, Nir Dvorecki, and Yuval Amizur. High-accuracy indoor geolocation using collaborative time of arrival, 2019."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_010","unstructured":"[10] Leor Banin, Uri Schatzberg, and Yuval Amizur. Wifi ftm and map information fusion for accurate positioning. In 2016 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), 2016."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] Markus Bullmann, Toni Fetzer, Frank Ebner, Markus Ebner, Frank Deinzer, and Marcin Grzegorzek. Comparison of 2.4 ghz wifi ftm-and rssi-based indoor positioning methods in realistic scenarios. Sensors, 20(16):4515, 2020.10.3390\/s20164515747211832806735","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164515"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[12] Ellis Fenske, Dane Brown, Jeremy Martin, Travis Mayberry, Peter Ryan, and Erik Rye. Three years later: A study of mac address randomization in mobile devices and when it succeeds. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 3:164\u2013181, 2021.","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2021-0042"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[13] Guangyi Guo, Ruizhi Chen, Feng Ye, Xuesheng Peng, Zuoya Liu, and Yuanjin Pan. Indoor smartphone localization: A hybrid wifi rtt-rss ranging approach. IEEE Access, 7:176767\u2013176781, 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2957753"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[14] J\u00e9r\u00f4me Henry and Nicolas Montavont. Fingerprinting using fine timing measurement. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Symposium on Mobility Management and Wireless Access, pages 49\u201356, 2019.10.1145\/3345770.3356736","DOI":"10.1145\/3345770.3356736"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[15] Berthold KP Horn. Doubling the accuracy of indoor positioning: Frequency diversity. Sensors, 20(5):1489, 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051489"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[16] Mohamed Ibrahim, Hansi Liu, Minitha Jawahar, Viet Nguyen, Marco Gruteser, Richard Howard, Bo Yu, and Fan Bai. Verification: Accuracy evaluation of wifi fine time measurements on an open platform. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. ACM, 2018.10.1145\/3241539.3241555","DOI":"10.1145\/3241539.3241555"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[17] Mohamed Ibrahim, Ali Rostami, Bo Yu, Hansi Liu, Minitha Jawahar, Viet Nguyen, Marco Gruteser, Fan Bai, and Richard Howard. Wi-go: accurate and scalable vehicle positioning using wifi fine timing measurement. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, pages 312\u2013324, 2020.10.1145\/3386901.3388944","DOI":"10.1145\/3386901.3388944"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_018","unstructured":"[18] IEEE. Ieee p802.11 - next generation positioning study group. Accessed 29\/03\/2020 from http:\/\/www.ieee802.org\/11\/Reports\/tgaz_update.htm, 2020."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[19] Shazal Irshad, Eric Rozner, Apurv Bhartia, and Bo Chen. Rethinking wireless network management through sensor-driven contextual analysis. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM HotMobile Workshop, pages 92\u201397, 2020.10.1145\/3376897.3377863","DOI":"10.1145\/3376897.3377863"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[20] Nicolas Jathe, Michael L\u00fctjen, and Michael Freitag. Indoor positioning in car parks by using wi-fi round-trip-time to support finished vehicle logistics on port terminals. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(13):857\u2013862, 2019.10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.11.237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.11.237"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[21] Manikanta Kotaru, Kiran Joshi, Dinesh Bharadia, and Sachin Katti. Spotfi: Decimeter level localization using wifi. In ACM SIGCOMM computer communication review, volume 45, pages 269\u2013282. ACM, 2015.10.1145\/2829988.2787487","DOI":"10.1145\/2829988.2787487"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[22] Steven Lanzisera, David Zats, and Kristofer SJ Pister. Radio frequency time-of-flight distance measurement for low-cost wireless sensor localization. IEEE Sensors Journal, 11(3):837\u2013845, 2011.10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2072496","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2072496"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[23] Byung Moo Lee, Mayuresh Patil, Preston Hunt, and Imran Khan. An easy network onboarding scheme for internet of things networks. IEEE Access, 7:8763\u20138772, 2018.10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890072","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890072"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[24] Marc Llombart, Marc Ciurana, and Francisco Barcelo-Arroyo. On the scalability of a novel wlan positioning system based on time of arrival measurements. In 2008 5th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication, 2008.10.1109\/WPNC.2008.4510352","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2008.4510352"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[25] Ahmed Makki, Abubakr Siddig, Mohamed Saad, and Chris Bleakley. Survey of wifi positioning using time-based techniques. Computer Networks, 88, 2015.10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.06.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.06.015"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[26] Ahmed Makki, Abubakr Siddig, Mohamed Saad, Joseph R Cavallaro, and Chris J Bleakley. Indoor localization using 802.11 time differences of arrival. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 65(3):614\u2013623, 2015.10.1109\/TIM.2015.2506239","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2506239"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[27] Andreas Marcaletti, Maurizio Rea, Domenico Giustiniano, Vincent Lenders, and Aymen Fakhreddine. Filtering noisy 802.11 time-of-flight ranging measurements. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM International on Conference on emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, pages 13\u201320. ACM, 2014.10.1145\/2674005.2674998","DOI":"10.1145\/2674005.2674998"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[28] Jeremy Martin, Travis Mayberry, Collin Donahue, Lucas Foppe, Lamont Brown, Chadwick Riggins, Erik C Rye, and Dane Brown. A study of mac address randomization in mobile devices and when it fails. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 2017(4):365\u2013383, 2017.10.1515\/popets-2017-0054","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2017-0054"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[29] Israel Martin-Escalona and Enrica Zola. Passive round-trip-time positioning in dense ieee 802.11 networks. Electronics, 9(8):1193, 2020.10.3390\/electronics9081193","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9081193"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[30] JA Pierce. An introduction to loran. Proceedings of the IRE, 34(5), 1946.10.1109\/JRPROC.1946.234564","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1946.234564"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_031","unstructured":"[31] Google Play. Wifirttlocator app. https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.google.android.apps.location.rtt.wifirttlocator, Accessed 15\/09\/2021."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_032","unstructured":"[32] Google Play. Wifirttscan app. https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.google.android.apps.location.rtt.wifirttscan, Accessed 15\/09\/2021."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_033","unstructured":"[33] Google Play. Wifinanscan app. https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.google.android.apps.location.rtt.wifinanscan, Accessed 24\/03\/2021."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[34] Kasper Bonne Rasmussen and Srdjan \u010capkun. Location privacy of distance bounding protocols. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security, pages 149\u2013160, 2008.10.1145\/1455770.1455791","DOI":"10.1145\/1455770.1455791"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[35] Maurizio Rea, Traian Emanuel Abrudan, Domenico Giustiniano, Holger Claussen, and Veli-Matti Kolmonen. Smartphone positioning with radio measurements from a single wifi access point. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments And Technologies, pages 200\u2013206, 2019.","DOI":"10.1145\/3359989.3365427"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[36] Pieter Robyns, Bram Bonn\u00e9, Peter Quax, and Wim Lamotte. Noncooperative 802.11 mac layer fingerprinting and tracking of mobile devices. Security and Communication Networks, 2017, 2017.10.1155\/2017\/6235484","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6235484"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[37] Domien Schepers, Aanjhan Ranganathan, and Mathy Vanhoef. Let numbers tell the tale: measuring security trends in wi-fi networks and best practices. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, pages 100\u2013105, 2021.10.1145\/3448300.3468286","DOI":"10.1145\/3448300.3468286"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[38] Domien Schepers, Mridula Singh, and Aanjhan Ranganathan. Here, there, and everywhere: security analysis of wi-fi fine timing measurement. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, pages 78\u201389, 2021.10.1145\/3448300.3467828","DOI":"10.1145\/3448300.3467828"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[39] Ian Sharp and Kegen Yu. Indoor toa error measurement, modeling, and analysis. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 63(9), 2014.10.1109\/TIM.2014.2308995","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2308995"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[40] Reza Shokri, George Theodorakopoulos, Jean-Yves Le Boudec, and Jean-Pierre Hubaux. Quantifying location privacy. In 2011 IEEE symposium on security and privacy, pages 247\u2013262. IEEE, 2011.10.1109\/SP.2011.18","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2011.18"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[41] Minghao Si, Yunjia Wang, Shenglei Xu, Meng Sun, and Hongji Cao. A wi-fi ftm-based indoor positioning method with los\/nlos identification. Applied Sciences, 10(3):956, 2020.10.3390\/app10030956","DOI":"10.3390\/app10030956"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[42] Daniel Steinmetzer, Yimin Yuan, and Matthias Hollick. Beam-stealing: intercepting the sector sweep to launch man-in-the-middle attacks on wireless ieee 802.11 ad networks. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Security & Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, pages 12\u201322, 2018.10.1145\/3212480.3212499","DOI":"10.1145\/3212480.3212499"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[43] Nils Ole Tippenhauer, Kasper Bonne Rasmussen, Christina P\u00f6pper, and Srdjan Capkun. Attacks on public wlan-based positioning systems. In Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, 2009.10.1145\/1555816.1555820","DOI":"10.1145\/1555816.1555820"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[44] O Ureten and Nur Serinken. Bayesian detection of wi-fi transmitter rf fingerprints. Electronics Letters, 41(6):373\u2013374, 2005.10.1049\/el:20057769","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20057769"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[45] Mathy Vanhoef, Prasant Adhikari, and Christina P\u00f6pper. Protecting wi-fi beacons from outsider forgeries. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, pages 155\u2013160, 2020.10.1145\/3395351.3399442","DOI":"10.1145\/3395351.3399442"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[46] Mathy Vanhoef, Nehru Bhandaru, Thomas Derham, Ido Ouzieli, and Frank Piessens. Operating channel validation: preventing multi-channel man-in-the-middle attacks against protected wi-fi networks. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Security & Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, pages 34\u201339, 2018.10.1145\/3212480.3212493","DOI":"10.1145\/3212480.3212493"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[47] Mathy Vanhoef, C\u00e9lestin Matte, Mathieu Cunche, Leonardo S Cardoso, and Frank Piessens. Why mac address randomization is not enough: An analysis of wi-fi network discovery mechanisms. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pages 413\u2013424, 2016.10.1145\/2897845.2897883","DOI":"10.1145\/2897845.2897883"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[48] Mathy Vanhoef and Frank Piessens. Advanced wi-fi attacks using commodity hardware. In Proceedings of the 30th ACSAC Conference, pages 256\u2013265, 2014.10.1145\/2664243.2664260","DOI":"10.1145\/2664243.2664260"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_049","unstructured":"[49] Deepak Vasisht, Swarun Kumar, and Dina Katabi. Decimeter-level localization with a single wifi access point. In 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 16), pages 165\u2013178, 2016."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[50] Tien Dang Vo-Huu, Triet Dang Vo-Huu, and Guevara Noubir. Fingerprinting wi-fi devices using software defined radios. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Security & Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, pages 3\u201314, 2016.10.1145\/2939918.2939936","DOI":"10.1145\/2939918.2939936"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_051","unstructured":"[51] Sigit Basuki Wibowo, Martin Klepal, and Dirk Pesch. Time of flight ranging using off-the-self ieee802. 11 wifi tags. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Positioning and Context-Awareness (PoCA\u201909), 2009."},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[52] Shihao Xu, Ruizhi Chen, Yue Yu, Guangyi Guo, and Lixiong Huang. Locating smartphones indoors using built-in sensors and wi-fi ranging with an enhanced particle filter. IEEE Access, 7:95140\u201395153, 2019.10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927387","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927387"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[53] Chouchang Yang and Huai-Rong Shao. Wifi-based indoor positioning. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(3):150\u2013157, 2015.10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7060497","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7060497"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[54] Yue Yu, Ruizhi Chen, Liang Chen, Guangyi Guo, Feng Ye, and Zuoya Liu. A robust dead reckoning algorithm based on wi-fi ftm and multiple sensors. Remote Sensing, 11(5):504, 2019.10.3390\/rs11050504","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050504"},{"key":"2022060207210706013_j_popets-2022-0048_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[55] HL Yuan and AQ Hu. Preamble-based detection of wi-fi transmitter rf fingerprints. Electronics letters, 46(16):1165\u20131167, 2010.10.1049\/el.2010.1220","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.1220"}],"container-title":["Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciendo.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/popets-2022-0048","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T20:21:25Z","timestamp":1726777285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/petsymposium.org\/popets\/2022\/popets-2022-0048.php"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/popets-2022-0048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/popets-2022-0048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2299-0984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2299-0984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]}}}