{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:03:21Z","timestamp":1761581001575},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Localization in wireless sensor networks: Classification and evaluation of techniques<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent advances in technology have enabled the development of low cost, low power and multi functional wireless sensing devices. These devices are networked through setting up a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Sensors that form a WSN are expected to be remotely deployed in large numbers and to self-organize to perform distributed sensing and acting tasks. WSNs are growing rapidly in both size and complexity, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to develop and investigate such large and complex systems. In this paper we provide a brief introduction to WSN applications, i.e., properties, limitations and basic issues related to WSN design and development. We focus on an important aspect of the design: accurate localization of devices that form the network. The paper presents an overview of localization strategies and attempts to classify different techniques. A set of properties by which localization systems are evaluated are examined. We then describe a number of existing localization systems, and discuss the results of performance evaluation of some of them through simulation and experiments using a testbed implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/v10006-012-0021-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T14:49:17Z","timestamp":1340981357000},"page":"281-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Localization in wireless sensor networks: Classification and evaluation of techniques"],"prefix":"10.61822","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"37438","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"892","article-title":"Sharp: A new approach to relative localization in wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"A. Ahmed","year":"2005"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470515181","volume-title":"Wireless Sensor Networks","author":"I. Akyildiz","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2009.11.022","article-title":"Distributed wireless sensor network localization using stochastic proximity embedding","volume":"33","author":"G. Aloor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer Communications"},{"issue":"10","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.11.018","article-title":"Wireless sensor network localization techniques","volume":"51","author":"B. Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"key":"5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtual calibration for RSSI-based indoor localization with ieee 802.15.4","author":"P. Barsocchi","year":"2009"},{"key":"6","first-page":"303","article-title":"Using RSSI value for distance estimation in wireless sensor networks based on ZigBee","author":"K. Benkic","year":"2008"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87698-4_29","volume-title":"Computer Safety, Reliability and Security","volume":"5219","author":"C. Bernardeschi","year":"2008"},{"key":"8","volume-title":"Handbook of Sensor Networks Compact Wireless and Wired Sensing Systems","author":"J. Beutel","year":"2005"},{"key":"9","first-page":"46","article-title":"Semidefinite programming for ad hoc wireless sensor network localization","author":"P. Biswas","year":"2004"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611970777","volume-title":"Linear Matrix Inequalities in System and Control Theory","volume":"15","author":"S. Boyd","year":"1994"},{"key":"11","first-page":"2685","article-title":"TPS: A time-based positioning scheme for outdoor wireless sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"X. Cheng","year":"2004"},{"key":"12","first-page":"187","article-title":"An effective PSO-based node localization scheme for wireless sensor networks","author":"P. Chuang","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/1138127.1138129","article-title":"Distributed weighted-multidimensinal scaling for node localization in sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"J. Costa","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"Di Caro, G. (2003). Analysis of simulation environments for mobile ad hoc networks, <i>Technical Report IDSIA-24-03<\/i>, IDSIA, Manno."},{"key":"15","first-page":"333","article-title":"The limits of localization using signal strength: A comparative study","author":"E. Elnahrawy","year":"2004"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85209-4_17","volume-title":"Ad-hoc, Mobile and Wireless Networks","volume":"5198","author":"K. Heurtefeux","year":"2008"},{"key":"17","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Localization for mobile sensor networks","author":"L. Hu","year":"2004"},{"key":"18","first-page":"513","article-title":"Simulated annealing based localization in wireless sensor network","author":"A. Kannan","year":"2005"},{"key":"19","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Simulated annealing based wireless sensor network localization with flip ambiguity mitigation","author":"A. Kannan","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.26636\/jtit.2009.2.921","article-title":"Multobjective design of wireless ad hoc networks: Security, real-time and lifetime","author":"Z. Karakehayov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0470095121","volume-title":"Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks","author":"H. Karl","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4804397","article-title":"Wireless network modeling and simulation tools for designers and developers","volume":"47","author":"W. Kasch","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"8","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2010.10.013","article-title":"A new range-free localization method using quadratic programming","volume":"34","author":"J. Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer Communications"},{"key":"24","first-page":"337","article-title":"An optimization algorithm for wireless sensor networks localization using multipliermethod","author":"C. Li","year":"2010"},{"key":"25","first-page":"945","article-title":"Localization for wireless sensor networks by combining TFDA and FMCW","author":"L. Liu","year":"2010"},{"key":"26","first-page":"3798","volume-title":"Self-organized, scalable GPS-free localization of wireless sensors","author":"A. Magnani","year":"2007"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60566-396-8","volume-title":"Localization Algorithms and Strategies for Wireless Sensor Networks","author":"G. Mao","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.26636\/jtit.2010.3.1082","article-title":"A survey of multi-objective deployment in wireless sensor networks","author":"M. Marks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.26636\/jtit.2009.3.941","article-title":"Multiobjective approach to localization in wireless sensor networks","author":"M. Marks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology"},{"key":"30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cluster-based localization in wireless sensor networks","volume":"6248","author":"M. Medidi","year":"2006"},{"key":"31","first-page":"227","article-title":"Practical issues in wireless sensor network localization systems using received signal strength indication","author":"P. Motter","year":"2011"},{"key":"32","first-page":"2926","article-title":"Ad hoc positioning system (APS)","volume":"5","author":"D. Niculescu","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2478\/v10006-009-0025-3","article-title":"Optimization schemes for wireless sensor network localization","volume":"19","author":"E. Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science"},{"key":"34","first-page":"122","article-title":"Formal modeling and analysis of the OGDC wireless sensor network algorithm in real-time maude","author":"P. Olveczky","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/35.978060","article-title":"On credibility of simulation studies of telecommunication networks","volume":"40","author":"K. Pawlikowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"36","volume-title":"Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice","author":"T. Rappapport","year":"2002"},{"key":"37","first-page":"51","article-title":"HyPAERLoc: Plausible hybrid localization for wireless sensor networks","author":"J. Salzmann","year":"2011"},{"key":"38","volume-title":"Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks","author":"P. Santi","year":"2006"},{"key":"39","volume-title":"Localization For Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks","author":"G. Sarigiannidis","year":"2007"},{"key":"40","first-page":"166","article-title":"Dynamic finegrained localization in ad-hoc networks of sensors","author":"A. Savvides","year":"2001"},{"key":"41","first-page":"818","article-title":"Wireless sensor network localization using imperialist competitive algorithm","volume":"9","author":"M. Sayadnavard","year":"2010"},{"issue":"11","key":"42","first-page":"961","article-title":"Distributed weighted-multidimensinal scaling for node localization in sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Y. Shang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems"},{"key":"43","first-page":"752","article-title":"Localization in wireless sensor networks using tabu search and simulated annealing","author":"S. Shekofteh","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2045416","article-title":"Distributed wireless sensor network localization via sequential greedy optimization algorithm","volume":"58","author":"Q. Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"key":"45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sensor network localization via nondifferentiable optimization","author":"Q. Shi","year":"2008"},{"issue":"10","key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2024901","article-title":"Normalized incremental subgradient algorithm and its application","volume":"57","author":"Q. Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"issue":"7","key":"47","first-page":"585","article-title":"Cluster-based three-dimensional localization algorithm for large scale wireless sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"J. Shu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Computers"},{"key":"48","first-page":"174","article-title":"Localization of wireless sensor networks with a mobile bacon","author":"M. Sichitiu","year":"2004"},{"issue":"12","key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4886","DOI":"10.1109\/T-WC.2008.070241","article-title":"Distributed sensor network localization using SOCP relaxation","volume":"7","author":"A. Srirangarjan","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication"},{"issue":"3","key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2005.844642","article-title":"Localization with mobile anchor points in wireless sensor networks","volume":"54","author":"K. Su","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"51","first-page":"568","article-title":"A descent-based evolutionary approach to enhance position in wireless sensor networks","author":"V. Tam","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1137\/050640308","article-title":"Second-order cone programming relaxation of sensor network localization","volume":"18","author":"P. Tseng","year":"2007","journal-title":"SIAM Journal on Optimization"},{"issue":"7","key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2011.03.012","article-title":"A two-objective evolutionary approach based on topological constraints for node localization in wireless sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"M. Vecchio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"54","volume-title":"Wireless Sensor Networks and Actuator Networks. Technologies, Analysis and Design","author":"R. Verdone","year":"2008"},{"key":"55","first-page":"396","article-title":"Nonmetric MDS for sensor localization","author":"N. Vo","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1137\/060669395","article-title":"Further relaxation of the semidefinite programming approach to sensor network localization","volume":"19","author":"Z. Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"SIAM Journal on Optimization"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.09.087","article-title":"Dynamic indoor localization using multilateration with RSSI in wireless sensor networks for transport logistics","volume":"5","author":"A. Wessels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/1234822.1234829","article-title":"A practical evaluation of radio signal strength for ranging-based localization","volume":"11","author":"K. Whitehouse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review"},{"key":"59","first-page":"477","article-title":"A three dimensional localization algorithm using a mobile anchor node under wireless channel","author":"G. Yu","year":"2008"},{"key":"60","first-page":"250","article-title":"An event-triggered localization algorithm for mobile wireless sensor networks","volume":"1","author":"B. Zhang","year":"2010a"},{"key":"61","first-page":"354","article-title":"A feasible localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks using directional antenna","author":"B. Zhang","year":"2010b"},{"key":"62","first-page":"517","article-title":"Analyzing the transitional region in low power wireless links","author":"M. Zuniga","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/amcs\/22\/2\/article-p281.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/amcs.2012.22.issue-2\/v10006-012-0021-x\/v10006-012-0021-x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T07:17:52Z","timestamp":1714115872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/doi\/10.2478\/v10006-012-0021-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/v10006-012-0021-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1641-876X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1641-876X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]}}}