{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T07:27:14Z","timestamp":1768894034459,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Congenital limb defects (CLD) have a range of phenotypes and can be a substantial cause of disability. The prevalence of CLD in the adult population of Pakistan is not well described.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the prevalence of CLD and their associated factors in a married female population of the Rahim Yar Khan (RYK) District in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in 4 tehsils of RYK District, and married women and girls from 22 different localities were enrolled by convenience sampling in public places and through door-to-door visits. Data regarding limb phenotype and demographic variables were obtained from participants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We enrolled 2,204 married women and girls. We found 11 participants with CLD suggesting a prevalence of 4.99\/1,000 (proportion: 0.005; 95% confidence interval [CI] &lt;0.001\u20130.01). Polydactyly was the most frequent (n = 5; prevalence: 2.27\/1,000), followed by others in the following sequence: brachydactyly (n = 4; prevalence: 1.81\/1,000), camptodactyly (n = 1; prevalence: 0.45\/1,000), and oligodactyly (n = 1; prevalence: 0.45\/1,000). The odds of occurrence of CLD were higher in individuals originating from Khanpur tehsil (odds ratio [OR] 2.05; 95% CI 0.37\u201311.27), speaking languages other than Punjabi and Saraiki (OR 2.35; 95% CI 0.24\u201322.80), belonging to Araien caste (OR 2.35; 95% CI: 0.24\u201322.80), of a nuclear family (OR 3.35; 95% CI 0.79\u201316.97), or having parental consanguinity (OR 1.87; 95% CI 0.49\u20137.06).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Preliminary estimate of CLD prevalence in the married female sample population in RYK appears high compared with estimates from birth defects registries in other countries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/abm-2021-0017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T23:39:47Z","timestamp":1625441987000},"page":"137-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Congenital limb defects in a married female population of the Rahim Yar Khan District in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6524-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiza Fizzah","family":"Riaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics Program, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5563-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajid","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics Program, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070620260898478_j_abm-2021-0017_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanson AB. 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