{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:43:01Z","timestamp":1790635381176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Central precocious puberty (CPP) is characterized by early activation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal (HPG) axis, which is apparent in the form of breast development in girls and testicular enlargement in boys prior to the typical physiological age ranges. Although intracranial pathology, exposure to high levels of sex steroids, or environmental risk factors can precipitate CPP, the majority of cases are idiopathic. Monogenic causes have also been identified. We provide a concise summary of the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of CPP in this review. A referral to pediatric endocrinology should be initiated when there is concern for CPP. The diagnosis is confirmed through clinical, biochemical, radiological, and genetic testing. The primary objectives of administering a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog to patients with CPP are to increase adult height and postpone the development of secondary sexual characteristics until a later age that is more compatible with peer norms. Although the long-term results of treatment with GnRH analogs are encouraging, further research is required to investigate the psychological impact of CPP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/abm-2025-0009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T08:21:15Z","timestamp":1750839675000},"page":"69-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Precocious puberty: a comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, and treatment"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Khomsak","family":"Srilanchakon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vichit","family":"Supornsilchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suttipong","family":"Wacharasindhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand"},{"name":"School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin O.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square , London EC1M 6BQ , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SH, Huh K, Won S, Lee KW, Park MJ. A significant increase in the incidence of central precocious puberty among Korean girls from 2004 to 2010. PLoS One. 2015; 10:e0141844. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0141844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141844"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golub MS, Collman GW, Foster PM, Kimmel CA, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Reiter EO, et al. Public health implications of altered puberty timing. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(Suppl 3):S218\u201330.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1813G"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maione L, Bouvattier C, Kaiser UB. Central precocious puberty: recent advances in understanding the aetiology and in the clinical approach. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021; 95:542\u201355.","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14475"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abreu AP, Kaiser UB. Pubertal development and regulation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4:254-64.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00418-0"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dauber A, Cunha-Silva M, Macedo DB, Brito VN, Abreu AP, Roberts SA, et al. Paternally inherited DLK1 deletion associated with familial central precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102:1557\u201367.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3677"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child. 1969; 44:291\u2013303.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.235.291"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child. 1970; 45:13\u201323.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.239.13"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen K, Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Hagen CP, Mogensen SS, Juul A. Recent secular trends in pubertal timing: implications for evaluation and diagnosis of precocious puberty. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012; 77:137\u201345.","DOI":"10.1159\/000336325"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latronico AC, Brito VN, Carel JC. Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of central precocious puberty. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4:265\u201374.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00380-0"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanner JM, Goldstein H, Whitehouse RH. Standards for children\u2019s height at ages 2-9 years allowing for heights of parents. Arch Dis Child. 1970; 45:755\u201362.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.244.755"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eugster EA. Update on precocious puberty in girls. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2019; 32:455\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2019.05.011"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley SH, Lawrence N, Steele C, Mohamed Z. Precocious puberty. BMJ. 2020; 368:l6597. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.l6597","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6597"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prokop-Piotrkowska M, Marsza\u0142ek-Dziuba K, Moszczy\u0144ska E, Szalecki M, Jurkiewicz E. Traditional and new methods of bone age assessment-an overview. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2021; 13:251\u201362.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0091"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binay C, Simsek E, Bal C. The correlation between GnRH stimulation testing and obstetric ultrasonographic parameters in precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 27:1193\u20139.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2013-0363"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chotipakornkul N, Onsoi W, Numsriskulrat N, Aroonparkmongkol S, Supornsilchai V, Srilanchakon K. The utilization of basal luteinizing hormone in combination with the basal luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone ratio as a diagnostic tool for central precocious puberty in girls. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2023; 28:138\u201343.","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2346072.036"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poomthavorn P, Khlairit P, Mahachoklertwattana P. Subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (triptorelin) test for diagnosing precocious puberty. Horm Res. 2009; 72:114\u20139.","DOI":"10.1159\/000232164"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogensen SS, Aksglaede L, Mouritsen A, S\u00f8rensen K, Main KM, Gideon P, et al. Pathological and incidental findings on brain MRI in a single-center study of 229 consecutive girls with early or precocious puberty. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e29829. doi: 10.1371\/journal. pone.0029829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029829"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguirre RS, Eugster EA. Central precocious puberty: from genetics to treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 32:343\u201354.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2018.05.008"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoelwer M, Eugster EA. Treatment of peripheral precocious puberty. Endocr Dev. 2016; 29:230\u20139.","DOI":"10.1159\/000438895"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abreu AP, Dauber A, Macedo DB, Noel SD, Brito VN, Gill JC, et al. Central precocious puberty caused by mutations in the imprinted gene MKRN3. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:2467\u201375.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1302160"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seminara SB, Messager S, Chatzidaki EE, Thresher RR, Acierno JS Jr, Shagoury JK, et al. The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349:1614\u201327.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035322"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topaloglu AK, Reimann F, Guclu M, Yalin AS, Kotan LD, Porter KM, et al. TAC3 and TACR3 mutations in familial hypogona-dotropic hypogonadism reveal a key role for Neurokinin B in the central control of reproduction. Nat Genet. 2009; 41:354\u20138.","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.306"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuure WA, Roberts AL, Quennell JH, Anderson GM. Leptin signaling in GABA neurons, but not glutamate neurons, is required for reproductive function. J Neurosci. 2013; 33:17874\u201383.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2278-13.2013"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carel JC, Roger M, Ispas S, Tondu F, Lahlou N, Blumberg J, et al. Final height after long-term treatment with triptorelin slow release for central precocious puberty: importance of statural growth after interruption of treatment. French study group of decapeptyl in precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84:1973\u20138.","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.6.5647"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein KO, Barnes KM, Jones JV, Feuillan PP, Cutler GB Jr. Increased final height in precocious puberty after long-term treatment with LHRH agonists: the National Institutes of Health experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86:4711\u20136.","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7915"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bereket A. A critical appraisal of the effect of gonadotropinreleasing hormon analog treatment on adult height of girls with central precocious Puberty. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017; 9(Suppl 2):33\u201348.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.2017.S004"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thaneetrakool T, Aroonparkmongkol S, Numsriskulrat N, Supornsilchai V, Wacharasindhu S, Srilanchakon K. Effectiveness of leuprolide acetate administered monthly compared to three-monthly in the treatment of central precocious puberty: evaluation at the end of treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024; 15:1390674. doi: 10.3389\/fendo.2024.1390674","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1390674"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soriano-Guill\u00e9n L, Argente J. Central precocious puberty, functional and tumor-related. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 33:101262. doi: 10.1016\/j.beem.2019.01.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.01.003"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazar L, Meyerovitch J, de Vries L, Phillip M, Lebenthal Y. Treated and untreated women with idiopathic precocious puberty: long-term follow-up and reproductive outcome between the third and fifth decades. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014; 80:570\u20136.","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12319"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leite AL, Galo E, Antunes A, Robalo B, Amaral D, Espada F, et al. Do GnRH agonists really increase body weight gain? Evaluation of a multicentric Portuguese cohort of patients with central precocious puberty. Front Pediatr. 2022; 10:816635. doi: 10.3389\/fped.2022.816635","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.816635"},{"key":"2026080916120146218_j_abm-2025-0009_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuvemo T, Jonsson B, Gustafsson J, Albertsson-Wikland K, Aronson AS, H\u00e4ger A, et al. Final height after combined growth hormone and GnRH analogue treatment in adopted girls with early puberty. Acta Paediatr. 2004; 93:1456\u201362.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02629.x"}],"container-title":["Asian Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/abm-2025-0009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T16:12:15Z","timestamp":1786291935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/abm-2025-0009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/abm-2025-0009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/abm-2025-0009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-855X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-855X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}