{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:06:51Z","timestamp":1791994011939,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia (IDA), is a significant global health concern, affecting approximately 30% of women worldwide. Iron plays a crucial role in fetal brain development, influencing processes such as myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and oxygen transport. Despite theoretical links between prenatal iron deficiency (ID) and neurodevelopment, its actual effects on neonatal cognitive, motor, and socioemotional outcomes remain unclear. This study systematically evaluates the impact of maternal anemia on neonatal neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering studies published until December 2024. Keywords related to prenatal ID, maternal anemia, and neonatal neurodevelopment were used. Eligible studies focused on maternal iron levels and neonatal outcomes, excluding animal studies, non-English publications, and reviews. Out of 1,388 screened articles, 6 studies were selected for meta-analysis. Data were synthesized using standardized methods, and pooled effect sizes were calculated. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The meta-analysis included 6 studies, with sample sizes ranging from 178 to 636 participants. Neonatal outcomes were assessed using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and Mullen Scales of Early Learning. No significant correlation was found between maternal anemia and neonatal outcomes, including habituation (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.93), orientation (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.76), state regulation (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.90), motor maturity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.71), autonomic stability (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.10), early learning composite (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.65), and gross motor skills (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.59). Heterogeneity was low to moderate, and no significant publication bias was detected. Variability in iron supplementation did not yield consistent benefits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal anemia does not significantly impact early neonatal neurodevelopment. While additional studies are unlikely to reveal meaningful effects during the neonatal period, the potential for delayed or long-term neurodevelopmental impacts remains uncertain and warrants further longitudinal research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/abm-2026-0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T13:20:50Z","timestamp":1781529650000},"page":"85-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The influence of maternal anemia on neonatal neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fengying","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology , No. 165 Wangcheng Road , Hengyang City , Hunan , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiqiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology , No. 165 Wangcheng Road , Hengyang City , Hunan , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kebede D, Getaneh F, Endalamaw K, Belay T, Fenta A. Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five age children in Shanan Gibe Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2021; 21:542. doi: 10.1186\/s12887-021-03011-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-03011-5"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radlowski EC, Johnson RW. Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013; 7:585. doi: 10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00585","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00585"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achebe MM, Gafter-Gvili A. How I treat anemia in pregnancy: iron, cobalamin, and folate. Blood. 2017; 129:940\u20139.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-672246"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu S, Kumar D, Anupurba S, Verma A, Kumar A. Effect of maternal iron deficiency anemia on fetal neural development. J Perinatol. 2018; 38:233\u20139.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-017-0023-5"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deivita Y, Syafruddin S, Andi Nilawati U, Aminuddin A, Burhanuddin B, Zahir Z. Overview of anemia; Risk factors and solution offering. Gac Sanit. 2021; 35(Suppl 2):S235\u2013S241.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2021.07.034"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balarajan Y, Ramakrishnan U, Ozaltin E, Shankar AH, Subramanian SV. Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2011; 378:2123\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62304-5"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez C, Canals J, Aranda N, Ribot B, Escribano J, Arija V. Effects of iron deficiency on neonatal behavior at different stages of pregnancy. Early Hum Dev. 2011; 87:165\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.12.006"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis SJ, Bonilla C, Brion MJ, Lawlor DA, Gunnell D, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. Maternal iron levels early in pregnancy are not associated with offspring IQ score at age 8, findings from a Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014; 68:496\u2013502.","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.265"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgieff MK. The role of iron in neurodevelopment: fetal iron deficiency and the developing hippocampus. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008; 36(Pt 6):1267\u201371.","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0361267"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh HY, Chen YC, Hsu MH, Yu HR, Su CH, Tain YL, et al. Maternal iron deficiency programs offspring cognition and its relationship with gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolites. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17:6070. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph17176070","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176070"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mireku MO, Davidson LL, Koura GK, Ou\u00e9draogo S, Boivin MJ, Xiong X, et al. Prenatal hemoglobin levels and early cognitive and motor functions of one-year-old children. Pediatrics. 2015; 136:e76\u201383.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0491"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua M, Shi D, Xu W, Zhu L, Hao X, Zhu B, et al. Differentiation between fetal and postnatal iron deficiency in altering brain substrates of cognitive control in pre-adolescence. BMC Med. 2023; 21:167. doi: 10.1186\/s12916-023-02850-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02850-6"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiegersma AM, Dalman C, Lee BK, Karlsson H, Gardner RM. Association of prenatal maternal anemia with neurodevelopmental disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019; 76:1294\u2013304.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2309"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moumin NA, Shepherd E, Liu K, Makrides M, Gould JF, Green TJ, et al. The effects of prenatal iron supplementation on offspring neurodevelopment in upper middleor high-income countries: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2024; 16:2499. doi: 10.3390\/nu16152499","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152499"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menon KC, Ferguson EL, Thomson CD, Gray AR, Zodpey S, Saraf A, et al. Effects of anemia at different stages of gestation on infant outcomes. Nutrition. 2016; 32:61\u20135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.07.009"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Jing J, Huang S, He X, Gao P, Li H, et al. Relationship of early anemia with neurodevelopment and brain injury in very low birth weight preterm infants \u2013 a prospective cohort study. Nutrients. 2022; 14:4931. doi: 10.3390\/nu14224931","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224931"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youdim MBH, Green AR. Iron deficiency and neurotransmitter synthesis and function. Proc Nutr Soc. 1978; 37:173\u20139.","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19780022"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal KN. Iron and the brain: neurotransmitter receptors and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Br J Nutr. 2001; 85:S147\u2013S150.","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2000307"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran PV, Kennedy BC, Lien YC, Simmons RA, Georgieff MK. Fetal iron deficiency induces chromatin remodeling at the Bdnf locus in adult rat hippocampus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015; 308:R276\u2013R282.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00429.2014"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socha MW, Flis W, Wart\u0119ga M. Epigenetic genome modifications during pregnancy: the impact of essential nutritional supplements on DNA methylation. Nutrients. 2024; 16:678. doi: 10.3390\/nu16050678","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050678"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taeubert MJ, de Prado-Bert P, Geurtsen ML, Mancano G, Vermeulen MJ, Reiss IKM, et al. Maternal iron status in early pregnancy and DNA methylation in offspring: an epigenome-wide meta-analysis. Clin Epigenetics. 2022; 14:59. doi: 10.1186\/s13148-022-01276-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01276-w"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranda N, Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez C, Arija V, Ribot B, Canals J. Haemoconcentration risk at the end of pregnancy: effects on neonatal behaviour. Public Health Nutr. 2017; 20:1405\u201313.","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001600358X"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berglund SK, Torres-Esp\u00ednola FJ, Garc\u00eda-Vald\u00e9s L, Segura MT, Mart\u00ednez-Zald\u00edvar C, Padilla C, et al. The impacts of maternal iron deficiency and being overweight during pregnancy on neurodevelopment of the offspring. Br J Nutr. 2017; 118:533\u201340.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517002410"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mireku MO, Davidson LL, Boivin MJ, Zoumenou R, Massougbodji A, Cot M, et al. Prenatal iron deficiency, neonatal ferritin, and infant cognitive function. Pediatrics. 2016; 138:e20161319. doi: 10.1542\/peds.2016-1319","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1319"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalteren WS, Ter Horst HJ, den Heijer AE, de Vetten L, Kooi EMW, Bos AF. Perinatal anemia is associated with neonatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with moderate to severe perinatal asphyxia. Neonatology. 2018; 114:315\u201322.","DOI":"10.1159\/000490369"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prado EL, Abbeddou S, Adu-Afarwuah S, Arimond M, Ashorn P, Ashorn U, et al. Predictors and pathways of language and motor development in four prospective cohorts of young children in Ghana, Malawi, and Burkina Faso. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017; 58:1264\u201375.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12751"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman S, Wallberg L, Rahman A, Ekstr\u00f6m EC, Kippler M, Hamadani JD, et al. Association between maternal haemoglobin status during pregnancy and children\u2019s mental and psychomotor development at 18 months of age: evidence from rural Bangladesh. Glob Health Action. 2024; 17:2390269. doi: 10.1080\/16549716.2024.2390269","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2024.2390269"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran TD, Biggs BA, Tran T, Simpson JA, Hanieh S, Dwyer T, et al. Impact on infants\u2019 cognitive development of antenatal exposure to iron deficiency disorder and common mental disorders. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e74876. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0074876","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074876"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran TD, Tran T, Simpson JA, Tran HT, Nguyen TT, Hanieh S, et al. Infant motor development in rural Vietnam and intrauterine exposures to anaemia, iron deficiency and common mental disorders: a prospective community-based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014; 14:8. doi: 10.1186\/1471-2393-14-8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-8"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerami C. Iron nutriture of the fetus, neonate, infant, and child. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017; 71(Suppl 3):8\u201314.","DOI":"10.1159\/000481447"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgieff MK. The importance of iron deficiency in pregnancy on fetal, neonatal, and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2023; 162(Suppl 2):83\u20138.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14951"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco B, Mota DS, Daubian-Nos\u00e9 P, Rodrigues NA, Simino LAP, de Fante T, et al. Iron deficiency in pregnancy: influence on sleep, behavior, and molecular markers of adult male offspring. J Neurosci Res. 2021; 99:3325\u201338.","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24968"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begum D, Kenan D, Parveen D, Sultana D, Noor F, Zabin P, et al. Iron deficiency anaemia in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy (from 28 weeks to the end of 40 weeks): effect on maternal and foetal outcome. Obstetr Gynecol Res. 2024; 7:80\u20135.","DOI":"10.26502\/ogr0164"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamas AG. Primary hereditary haemochromatosis and pregnancy. Gastro Hep. 2023; 2023:2674203.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2674203"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang SC, O\u2019Brien KO, Witter FR, Nathanson MS, Mancini J. Hemoglobin concentrations influence birth outcomes in pregnant African-American adolescents. J Nutr. 2003; 133:2348\u201355.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.7.2348"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzeszczak K, \u0141anocha-Arendarczyk N, Malinowski W, Zi\u0119tek P, Kosik-Bogacka D. Oxidative stress in pregnancy. Biomolecules. 2023; 13:1768. doi: 10.3390\/biom13121768","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13121768"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao B, Sun M, Wu T, Li J, Shi H, Wei Y. The association between maternal anemia and neonatal anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024; 24:677. doi: 10.1186\/s12884-024-06832-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06832-1"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellman LM, Vinogradov S, Kremen WS, Poole JH, Kern DM, Deicken RF, et al. Low maternal hemoglobin during pregnancy and diminished neuromotor and neurocognitive performance in offspring with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2012; 138:81\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.04.008"},{"key":"2026061513195467808_j_abm-2026-0010_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fararouei M, Robertson C, Whittaker J, Sovio U, Ruokonen A, Pouta A, et al. Maternal Hb during pregnancy and offspring\u2019s educational achievement: a prospective cohort study over 30 years. Br J Nutr. 2010; 104:1363\u20138.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510002175"}],"container-title":["Asian Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/abm-2026-0010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T13:21:15Z","timestamp":1781529675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/abm-2026-0010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/abm-2026-0010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/abm-2026-0010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-855X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-855X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}