{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:57:17Z","timestamp":1781348237952,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Susceptibility to addiction has a complex genetic basis that includes genes associated with the action and metabolism of drugs of abuse. One important gene in that respect is\n                    <jats:italic>OPRM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which codes for the \u03bc-opioid receptor and has an important role in mediating the rewarding effects of addiction substances. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of the\n                    <jats:italic>OPRM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    A118G polymorphism (rs1799971) in Turkish population and to investigate its association with opioid and other substance addiction. In addition, we examined the association of rs1799971 in addicted patients who were also diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. The study included 103 patients addicted to opioids, cocaine, ecstasy, alcohol, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), cannabis, and sedative\/hypnotic substances and 83 healthy volunteers with similar demographic features as controls. rs1799971 polymorphisms were identified with the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). The genotype frequencies were significantly higher in the addicted patients than controls (32.0 % vs 16.9 %, respectively; p=0.027). The prevalence of the G allele was 16.1 % in the addicted group and 8.4 % in the control group (p=0.031). Our study confirmed the association between the rs1799971(G) allele frequency and opioid and other substance addiction, but not with psychiatric disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/aiht-2019-70-3153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T05:31:07Z","timestamp":1561613467000},"page":"97-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The association between the\n                    <i>OPRM1<\/i>\n                    A118G polymorphism and addiction in a Turkish population"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"H\u00fclya","family":"T\u00fcrkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bozok University , Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation , Yozgat , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bensu","family":"Karahalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gazi University , Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Toxicology , Ankara , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ela","family":"Kad\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gazi University , Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Toxicology , Ankara , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenan","family":"Eren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment and Research Center , Bakirk\u00f6y State Hospital for Mental and Neurological Diseases , Istanbul , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Defne Tamar","family":"G\u00fcrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment and Research Center , Bakirk\u00f6y State Hospital for Mental and Neurological Diseases , Istanbul , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Esat","family":"Karakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gazi University , Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Toxicology , Ankara , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_001_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:217\u201338. doi: 10.1038\/npp.2009.11010.1038\/npp.2009.110","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_002_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Haile CN, Kosten TA, Kosten TR. Pharmacogenetic treatments for substance addiction: alcohol and opiates. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2008;34:355\u201381. doi: 10.1080\/0095299080212256410.1080\/00952990802122564","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990802122564"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_003_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Bond C, LaForge KS, Tian M, Melia D, Zhang S, Borg L, Gong J, Schluger J, Strong JA, Leal SM, Tischfield JA, Kreek MJ, Yu L. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters \u03b2-endorphin binding and activity: Possible implications for opiate addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:9608\u201313.10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9608"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_004_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ab4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Crist RC, Berrettini WH. Pharmacogenetics of OPRM1. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014;123:25\u201333. doi: 10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.10.01810.1016\/j.pbb.2013.10.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.10.018"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_005_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ab5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Beyer A, Koch T, Schr\u00f6der H, Schulz S, H\u00f6llt V. Effect of the A118G polymorphism on binding affinity, potency and agonist-mediated endocytosis, desensitization, and resensitization of the human mu-opioid receptor. J Neurochem 2004; 89: 553 \u2013 60. doi: 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02340.x10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02340.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02340.x"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_006_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ab6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Bart G, Kreek MJ, Ott J, LaForge KS, Proudnikov D, Pollak L, Heilig M. Increased attributable risk related to a functional mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism in association with alcohol addiction in central Sweden. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:417\u201322. doi: 10.1038\/sj.npp.130059810.1038\/sj.npp.1300598","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300598"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_007_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ab7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Kim SA, Kim JW, Song JY, Park S, Lee HJ, Chung JH. Association of polymorphisms in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 4 subunit gene (CHRNA4), mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1), and ethanol-metabolizing enzyme genes with alcoholism in Korean patients. Alcohol 2004;34:115\u201320. PMID: 1590290410.1016\/j.alcohol.2004.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2004.06.004"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_008_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ab8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Loh W, Fann CS, Chang YT, Chang CJ, Cheng AT. Endogenous opioid receptor genes and alcohol addiction among Taiwanese Han. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:15\u20139. doi: 10.1097\/01.ALC.0000106303.41755.B810.1097\/01.ALC.0000106303.41755.B8","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000106303.41755.B8"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_009_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ab9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Bergen AW, Kokoszka J, Peterson R, Long JC, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M, Goldman D. Mu opioid receptor gene variants: lack of association with alcohol addiction. Mol Psychiatry 1997;2:490\u20134. doi: 10.1038\/sj.mp.400033110.1038\/sj.mp.4000331","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000331"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_010_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Luo X, Kranzler HR, Zhao H, Gelernter J. Haplotypes at the OPRM1 locus are associated with susceptibility to substance addiction in European-Americans. Am J Med Gent B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003;120:97\u2013108. doi: 10.1002\/ajmg.b.2003410.1002\/ajmg.b.20034","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.20034"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_011_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Troisi A, Frazzetto G, Carola V, Di Lorenzo G, Coviello M, D\u2019Amato FR, Moles A, Siracusano A, Gross C. Social hedonic capacity is associated with the A118G polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) in adult healthy volunteers and psychiatric patients. Soc Neurosci 2011;6:88\u201397. doi: 10.1080\/17470919.2010.48278610.1080\/17470919.2010.482786","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2010.482786"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_012_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Ding S, Chen B, Zheng Y, Lu Q, Liu L, Zhuge Q. Association study of OPRM1 polymorphisms with Schizophrenia in Han Chinese population. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:107. doi: 10.1186\/1471-244X-13-10710.1186\/1471-244X-13-107","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-107"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_013_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Ser\u00fd O, Prikryl R, Castul\u00edk L, St\u2019astn\u00fd F. A118G polymorphism of OPRM1 gene is associated with schizophrenia. J Mol Neurosci 2010;41:219\u201322.10.1007\/s12031-010-9327-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-010-9327-z"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_014_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac14Aa","unstructured":"14. The American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_015_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Karahalil B, Kocaba\u015f NA. hOGG1 SER326CYS genetic polymorphism in a Turkish population. Arch Toxicol 2005;79:377\u201380. doi: 10.1007\/s00204-005-0665-510.1007\/s00204-005-0665-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-005-0665-5"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_016_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Yuferov V, Levran O, Proudnikov D, Nielsen DA, Kreek MJ. Search for genetic markers and functional variants involved in the development of opiate and cocaine addiction and treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1187:184\u2013207. doi: 10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05275.x10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05275.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05275.x"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_017_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Kapur S, Sharad S, S\u0131ngha RA. A118g polymorphism in mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1): association with opiate addiction in subjects of Indian origin. J Integr Neurosci 2007;6:511\u201322. doi: 10.1142\/S021963520700163510.1142\/S0219635207001635","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635207001635"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_018_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Zhang D, Shao C, Shao M, Yan P, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu W, Lin T, Xie Y, Zhao Y, Lu D, Li Y, Jin L. Effect of \u03bc-opioid receptor gene polymorphisms on heroin-induced subjective responses in a Chinese population. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:1244\u201351. doi: 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.01210.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.012"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_019_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Deb I, Chakraborty J, Gangopadhyay PK, Choudhury SR, Das S. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (A118G) in exon 1 of OPRM1 gene causes alteration in downstream signaling by mu-opioid receptor and may contribute to the genetic risk for addiction. J Neurochem 2010;112:486\u201396. doi: 10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06472.x10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06472.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06472.x"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_020_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Sander T, Gscheidel N, Wendel B, Samochowiec J, Smolka M, Rommelspacher H, Schmidt LG, Hoehe MR. Human \u00b5-opioid receptor variation and alcohol addiction. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22:2108\u201310. doi: 10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb05923.x10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb05923.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb05923.x"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_021_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Crowley JJ, Oslin DW, Patkar AA, Gottheil E, DeMaria PA Jr, O\u2019Brien CP, Berrettini WH, Grice DE. A genetic association study of the mu opioid receptor and severe opioid dependence. Psychiatr Genet 2003;13:169\u201373. PMID: 1296074910.1097\/00041444-200309000-00006","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200309000-00006"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_022_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Nikolov MA, Beltcheva O, Galabova A, Ljubenova A, Jankova E, Gergov G, Russev AA, Lynskey MT, Nelson EC, Nesheva E, Krasteva D, Lazarov P, Mitev VI, Kremensky IM, Kaneva RP, Todorov AA. No evidence of association between 118A>G OPRM1 polymorphism and heroin addiction in a large Bulgarian case-control sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011;117:62\u20135. doi: 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.02610.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.026"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_023_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Klepstad P, Rakvag TT, Kaasa S, Holthe M, Dale O, Borcgrevink PC, Baar C, Vikan T, Krokan HE, Skorpen F. The 118AG polymorphism in the human \u00b5-opioid receptor gene may increase morphine requirements in patients with pain caused by malignant disease. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004;48:1232\u20139. doi: 10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00517.x10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00517.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00517.x"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_024_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Gelernter J, Kranzler H, Cubells J. Genetics of two m opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) exon I polymorphisms: population studies, and allele frequencies in alcohol- and substance-dependent subjects. Mol Psychiatry 1999;4:476\u201383. doi: 10.1038\/sj.mp.400055610.1038\/sj.mp.4000556","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000556"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_025_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac25Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Daher M, Costa FMM, Neves FAR. Genotyping the muopioid Receptor A118G polymorphism using the real-time amplification refractory mutation system: allele frequency distribution among Brazilians. Pain Pract 2013;13:614\u201320. doi: 10.1111\/papr.1204210.1111\/papr.12042","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12042"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_026_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac26Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Ahmed M, Ul Haq I, Faisal M, Waseem D, Mumtaz MT. Implication of OPRM1 A118G polymorphism in opioids addicts in Pakistan: in vitro and in silico analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2018;65:472\u20139. doi: 10.1007\/s12031-018-1123-110.1007\/s12031-018-1123-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1123-1"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_027_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Szeto CY, Tang NL, Lee DT, Stadlin A. Association between mu opioid receptor gene polymorphisms and Chinese heroin addicts. Neuroreport 2001;12:1103\u20136. doi: 10.1097\/00001756-200105080-0001110.1097\/00001756-200105080-00011","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200105080-00011"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_028_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Nagaya D, Ramanathan S, Ravichandran M, Navaratnam V. A118G mu opioid receptor polymorphism among drug addicts in Malaysia. J Integr Neurosci 2012;11:117\u201322. doi: 10.1142\/S021963521250008210.1142\/S0219635212500082","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635212500082"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_029_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Kim SG, Kim CM, Kang DH, Kim YJ, Byun WT, Kim SY, Park JM, Kim MJ, Oslin DW. Association of functional opioid receptor genotypes with alcohol addiction in Koreans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:986\u201390. doi: 10.1097\/01.ALC.0000130803.62768.AB10.1097\/01.ALC.0000130803.62768.AB","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000130803.62768.AB"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_030_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Franke P, Wang T, Nothen MM, Knapp M, Neidt H, Albrecht S, Jahnes E, Propping P, Maier W. Nonreplication of association between mu-opioid-receptor gene (OPRM1) A118G polymorphism and substance addiction. Am J Med Genet 2001;105:114\u20139. PMID: 1142498110.1002\/1096-8628(20010108)105:1<114::AID-AJMG1074>3.0.CO;2-L","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20010108)105:1<114::AID-AJMG1074>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_031_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Ide S, Kobayashi H, Tanaka K, Ujike H, Sekine Y, Ozaki N, Inada T, Harano M, Komiyama T, Yamada M, Iyo M, Ikeda K, Sora I. Gene polymorphisms of the mu opioid receptor in methamphetamine abusers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1025:316\u201324. doi: 10.1196\/annals.1316.03910.1196\/annals.1316.039","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1316.039"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_032_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac32Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Ginosar Y, Davidson EM, Meroz Y, Blotnick S, Shacham M, Caraco Y. Mu-opioid receptor (A118G) single-nucleotide polymorphism affects alfentanil requirements for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a pharmacokinetic \u2013 pharmacodynamic study. Br J Anaesth 2009;103:420\u20137. doi: 10.1093\/bja\/aep19210.1093\/bja\/aep192","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep192"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_033_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Kumar D, Chakraborty J, Das S. Epistatic effects between variants of kappa-opioid receptor gene and A118G of muopioid receptor gene increase susceptibility to addiction in Indian population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012;36:225\u201330. doi: 10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.10.01810.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.10.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.10.018"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_034_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Arias A, Feinn R, Kranzler R. Association of an Asn40Asp (A118G) polymorphism in the \u00b5-opioid receptor gene with substance addiction: A meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006;27:262\u20138. doi: 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.02410.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.024"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_035_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac35Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Chen D, Liu L, Xiao Y, Peng Y, Yang C, Wang Z. Ethnic-specific meta-analyses of association between the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism and alcohol addiction among Asians and Caucasians. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012;123:1\u20136. doi: 10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.01210.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.012"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_036_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac36Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Tan EC, Tan CH, Karupathivan U, Yap EP. Mu opioid receptor gene polymorphisms and heroin addiction in Asian populations. Neuroreport 2004;14:569\u201372. PMID: 1265788710.1097\/00001756-200303240-00008","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200303240-00008"},{"key":"2026061310242587773_j_aiht-2019-70-3153_ref_037_w2aab3b7b1b1b6b1ab1ac37Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Hoehe MR, K\u00f6pke K, Wendel B, Rohde K, Flachmeier C, Kidd KK, Berrettini WH, Church GM. Sequence variability and candidate gene analysis in complex disease: association of \u00b5 opioid receptor gene variation with substance dependence. Hum Mol Genet 2000;9:2895\u2013908. doi: 10.1093\/hmg\/9.19.289510.1093\/hmg\/9.19.2895","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.19.2895"}],"container-title":["Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/aiht\/70\/2\/article-p97.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/aiht-2019-70-3153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:25:08Z","timestamp":1781346308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/aiht-2019-70-3153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/aiht-2019-70-3153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/aiht-2019-70-3153","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-1254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-1254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}}}