{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:47:40Z","timestamp":1789087660184,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Managing body packers and stuffers is a challenge to emergency physicians, stuffers in particular, as there is no systematic approach to their treatment. The aim of this study was therefore to review all available literature on body stuffing and propose a guide to manage these patients. We searched Medline\/PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus for published work on body stuffers using key words \u201cbody stuffer\u201d, \u201cbody stuffing\u201d, \u201cpoisoning\u201d, \u201ctoxicity\u201d, and \u201ctreatment\u201d without a time limit and retrieved 290 articles, of which 61 remained after exclusion of those on \u201cbody packers\u201d and repetitive documents. This review article evaluates and summarises the information gathered from them. The main step in body stuffer management is observation to make sure that they have passed all the swallowed packages of drugs of abuse. In some cases, imaging can be quite useful. Diagnostic pitfalls may be avoided with abdominopelvic CT without contrast, which is probably the best diagnostic method to determine the presence and the number of packages in these patients. Treatment should be specific for each group of drugs, whether it is opioids, cocaine, or amphetamine. Surgical interventions are indicated for obstruction of the intestines or package rupture. Legal precautions should be taken because of the legal complexity of body stuffing cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/aiht-2019-70-3199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T05:31:07Z","timestamp":1561613467000},"page":"90-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Management recommendations for body stuffers at emergency units"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Hossein","family":"Hassanian-Moghaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology , Loghman Hakim Hospital , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Amraei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine , Iranshahr , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology , Loghman Hakim Hospital , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081107011648053_j_aiht-2019-70-3199_ref_001_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","unstructured":"1. Deitel M, Syed AK. Intestinal obstruction by an unusual foreign body. Can Med Assoc J 1973;109: 211\u20132. PMCID: PMC1946817"},{"key":"2026081107011648053_j_aiht-2019-70-3199_ref_002_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","unstructured":"2. MSD Manual. Body packing and body stuffing. Available at: https:\/\/www.msdmanuals.com\/professional\/special-subjects\/recreational-drugs-and-intoxicants\/body-packing-and-body-stuffing"},{"key":"2026081107011648053_j_aiht-2019-70-3199_ref_003_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Booker RJ, Smith JE, Rodger MP. Packers, pushers and stuffers-managing patients with concealed drugs in UK emergency departments: a clinical and medicolegal review. Emerg Med J 2009;26: 316\u201320. doi: 10.1136\/emj.2008.05769510.1136\/emj.2008.057695","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2008.057695"},{"key":"2026081107011648053_j_aiht-2019-70-3199_ref_004_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1ab1ab4Aa","unstructured":"4. Raben AM, Phoa SSKJ, Busch OR, Schultz MJ. Case report of a smuggler\u2019s dinner: carrots and asparagus, or bolitas? Med Sci Monit 2005;11:CS79\u201381. PMID: 16319794"},{"key":"2026081107011648053_j_aiht-2019-70-3199_ref_005_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1ab1ab5Aa","unstructured":"5. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crimes. 2005 World Drug Report [displayed 30 May 2019]. Available at https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/WDR-2005.html"},{"key":"2026081107011648053_j_aiht-2019-70-3199_ref_006_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1ab1ab6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Body packing \u2013 the internal concealment of illicit drugs. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2519\u201326. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMra02271910.1056\/NEJMra022719","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022719"},{"key":"2026081107011648053_j_aiht-2019-70-3199_ref_007_w2aab3b7b5b1b6b1ab1ab7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Taheri MS, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Birang S, Hemadi H, Shahnazi M, Jalali AH, Shakiba M, Nahvi V. 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