{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:48:14Z","timestamp":1785761294843,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Future mothers tend to underreport intentional or unintentional tobacco smoke exposure to avoid social stigma, and urine levels of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine can serve as a valuable biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure to resolve such uncertainties. When establishing the cut-off level to discern non-smokers from active smokers, however, one should bear in mind the shorter half-life of cotinine in pregnant than non-pregnant women to avoid misclassification of maternal smoking status. The aim of our study was to determine the urinary cotinine cut-off level to objectively detect active smokers and to see if any participant characteristics were associated with underreporting. To do that, we collected spot urine samples from pregnant women with normal vaginal delivery at term, self-reported as non-smokers (n=123) or smokers (n=33), in the maternity ward before delivery. We also took their sociodemographic, cigarette smoking, and clinical data, as well as clinical data on their newborns using a questionnaire. To ensure objective classification of participants by smoking status, cotinine levels were quantified in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-off value of urinary cotinine to discern pregnant non-smokers from smokers at term were 120 \u00b5g\/L or 144 \u00b5g\/g creatinine, yielding 94 % sensitivity and 96 % or 97 % specificity. Respective to these cut-off values, 4.1 % and 3.3 % of self-reported non-smokers were classified as current smokers. Our findings support the use of urinary cotinine, whenever feasible, to reduce reporting bias in pregnancy studies, and, given the altered nicotine metabolism during pregnancy, future epidemiological studies should bear in mind that urinary cotinine cut-off values may depend on the stage of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/aiht-2025-76-4052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:04:52Z","timestamp":1767675892000},"page":"251-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urinary cotinine cut-off value in categorising cigarette smoking status in healthy pregnant women at term"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Brajenovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1151-8839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Br\u010di\u0107 Kara\u010donji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia"},{"name":"University of Rijeka Faculty of Health Studies , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreja","family":"Juri\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Kova\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Stasenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merkur University Hospital , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Mio\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merkur University Hospital , Zagreb , Croatia"},{"name":"Poliklinika Harni , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Mi\u0161kulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Centre Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"\u0160krgati\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Centre Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Piasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Jurasovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_001","unstructured":"Piasek M, Henson MC, Blanu\u0161a M, Kostial K. Assessment of steroid disruption and metal concentrations in human placenta: Effects of cigarette smoking. In: Koskinen CJ, editor. Handbook of smoking and health. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2011, p. 325\u201365"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holbrook BD. The effects of nicotine on human fetal development. Birth Defects Res (Part C) 2016;108:181\u201392. doi: 10.1002\/bdrc.21128","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21128"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers JM. Smoking and pregnancy: Epigenetics and developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome. Birth Defects Res 2019;111:1259\u201369. doi: 10.1002\/bdr2.1550","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1550"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philips EM, Santos S, Trasande L, Aurrekoetxea JJ, Barros H, von Berg A, Bergstrom A, Bird PK, Brescianini S. Changes in parental smoking during pregnancy and risks of adverse birth outcomes and childhood overweight in Europe and North America: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 229,000 singleton births. PLoS Med 2020;17:e1003182. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003182"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva AI, Camelo A, Madureira J, Reis AT, Machado AP, Teixeira JP, Costa C. Urinary cotinine assessment of maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure status and its associations with perinatal outcomes: a cross-sectional birth study. Environ Res 2022;203:111827. doi: 10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111827"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuda T, Kyozuka H, Murata T, Yasuda S, Sato A, Ogata Y, Hosoya M, Yasumura S. Urinary cotinine levels versus self-reported smoking status for assessing placental abruption risk: the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s study. J Matern Neonatal Med 2025;38:2497059. doi: 10.1080\/14767058.2025.2497059","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2025.2497059"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_007","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). What are the risks of smoking during pregnancy? [displayed 27 September 2021]. Available at https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/tobacco-nicotine-e-cigarettes\/what-are-risks-smoking-during-pregnancy"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange S, Probst C, Rehm J, Popova S. National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Heal 2018;6:e769\u201376. doi: 10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30223-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30223-7"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smedberg J, Lupattelli A, M\u00e5rdby A, Nordeng H. Characteristics of women who continue smoking during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of pregnant women and new mothers in 15 European countries. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014;14:213. doi: 10.1186\/1471-2393-14-213","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-213"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_010","unstructured":"Eurostat. Smoking of tobacco products by sex, age and country of citizenship. Last update 2022 [displayed 14 December 2025]. Available at https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/hlth_ehis_sk1c\/default\/table?lang=en. doi: 10.2908\/hlth_ehis_sk1c"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashford K, Wiggins A, Rayens E, Assef S, Fallin A, Rayens MK. Perinatal biochemical confirmation of smoking status by trimester. Nicotine Tob Res 2017;19:631\u20135. doi: 10.1093\/ntr\/ntw332","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw332"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupsa I-R, Nunes B, Ligocka D, Elena A, Jakubowski M, Casteleyn L, Aerts D, Biot P, Den Hond E, Casta\u00f1o A, Esteban M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Fiddicke U, Knudsen LE, Schoeters G, Reis MF. Urinary cotinine levels and environmental tobacco smoke in mothers and children of Romania, Portugal and Poland within the European human biomonitoring pilot study. Environ Res 2015;141:106\u201317. doi: 10.1016\/j.envres.2015.03.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.03.018"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florescu A, Ferrenca R, Einarson T, Selby P, Soldin O, Koren G. Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: Focus on developmental toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2009;31:14\u201330. doi: 10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181957a3b","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181957a3b"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes AGO, Santos LN, Pinheiro GP, Vasconcellos S, Telles de Oliva S, Fernandes BJD, Couto RD. Urinary cotinine as a biomarker of cigarette smoke exposure: a method to differentiate among active, second-hand, and non-smoker circumstances. Open Biomark J 2020;10:60\u20138. doi: 10.2174\/1875318302010010060","DOI":"10.2174\/1875318302010010060"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Bernert JT, Foulds J, Hecht SS, Jacob P, Jarvis MJ, Joseph A, Oncken C, Piper ME. Biochemical verification of tobacco ue and abstinence: 2019 update. Nicotine Tob Res 2020;22:1086\u201397. doi: 10.1093\/ntr\/ntz132","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz132"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Hukkanen J, Jacob PI. Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers. In: Henningfield J, editor. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2009, p. 29\u201360","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5_2"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dempsey D, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Accelerated metabolism of nicotine and cotinine in pregnant smokers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;301:594\u20138. doi: 10.1124\/jpet.301.2.594","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.301.2.594"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins ST, Heil SH, Badger GJ, Mongeon JA, Solomon LJ, Mchale L, Bernstein IM. Biochemical verification of smoking status in pregnant and recently postpartum women. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;15:58\u201366. doi: 10.1037\/1064-1297.15.1.58","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.15.1.58"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piasek M, \u0160krgati\u0107 L, Sulimanec A, Orct T, Sekovani\u0107 A, Kova\u010di\u0107 J, Kati\u0107 A, Branovi\u0107 \u010cakani\u0107 K, Pizent A, Brajenovi\u0107 N, Juri\u010d A, Br\u010di\u0107 Kara\u010donji I, Kljakovi\u0107-Ga\u0161pi\u0107 Z, Tariba Lovakovi\u0107 B, Lazarus M, Stasenko S, Mi\u0161kulin I, Jurasovi\u0107 J. Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on trace element levels and steroidogenesis in the maternal-placental-fetal unit. Toxics 2023;11:714. doi: 10.3390\/toxics11080714","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11080714"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizent A, Lazarus M, Kova\u010di\u0107 J, Tariba Lovakovi\u0107 B, Br\u010di\u0107 Kara\u010donji I, \u017divkovi\u0107 Semren T, Sekovani\u0107 A, Orct T, Branovi\u0107-\u010cakani\u0107 K, Brajenovi\u0107 N, Juri\u010d A, Mi\u0161kulin I, \u0160krgati\u0107 L, Stasenko S, Mio\u010d T, Jurasovi\u0107 J, Piasek M. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy: effects on antioxidant enzymes, metallothionein and trace elements in mother-newborn pairs. Biomolecules 2020;10:892. doi: 10.3390\/biom10060892","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10060892"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_021","unstructured":"Br\u010di\u0107 Kara\u010donji I, Skender L, Kara\u010di\u0107 V. Determination of nicotine and cotinine in urine by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Acta Chim Slov 2007;54:74\u20138."},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_022","unstructured":"\u0160traus B. Medical Biochemistry. Zagreb: Medicinska naklada; 1992"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishihama Y, Nakayama SF, Tabuchi T, Isobe T, Jung C-R, Iwai-Shimada M, Kobayashi Y, Michikawa T, Sekiyama M, Taniguchi Y, Nitta H, Yamazaki S. Determination of urinary cotinine cut-off concentrations for pregnant women in the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study (JECS). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:5537. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph17155537","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155537"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stragierowicz J, Mikolajewska K, Zawadzka-Stolarz M, Polanska K, Ligocka D. Estimation of cutoff values of cotinine in urine and saliva for pregnant women in Poland. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:386784. doi: 10.1155\/2013\/386784","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/386784"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Dains KM, Dempsey D, Herrera B, Yu L, Jacob P 3rd. Urine nicotine metabolite concentrations in relation to plasma cotinine during low-level nicotine exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2009;11:954\u201360. doi: 10.1093\/ntr\/ntp092","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp092"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ze\u010di\u0107 A, Vazdar B, Sli\u0161kovi\u0107 L, Sutlovi\u0107 D. Urine levels of nicotine and its metabolites in young population exposed to second-hand smoke in nightclubs: a pilot study. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2024;75:211\u20136. doi: 10.2478\/aiht-2024-75-3846","DOI":"10.2478\/aiht-2024-75-3846"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherer G, Pluym N, Scherer M. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE): Potential application for assessing the use of conventional and new generation tobacco and nicotine products. Contrib Tob Nicotine Res 2025;34:59\u201383. doi: 10.2478\/cttr-2025-0007","DOI":"10.2478\/cttr-2025-0007"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherer G, Pluym N, Scherer M. Intake and uptake of chemicals upon use of various tobacco\/nicotine products: can users be differentiated by single or combinations of biomarkers? Contrib Tob Nicotine Res 2021;30:167\u201398. doi: 10.2478\/cttr-2021-0014","DOI":"10.2478\/cttr-2021-0014"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aurrekoetxea JJ, Murcia M, Rebagliato M, L\u00f3pez MJ, Castilla AM, Santa-marina L, Guxens M, Fern\u00e1ndez-somoano A, Espada M, Lertxundi A, Tardon A, Ballester F. Determinants of self-reported smoking and misclassification during pregnancy, and analysis of optimal cut-off points for urinary cotinine: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002034. doi: 10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002034","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002034"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"England LJ, Grauman A, Qian C, Wilkins DG, Schisterman EF, Yu KF, Levine RJ. Misclassification of maternal smoking status and its effects on an epidemiologic study of pregnancy outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res 2007;9:1005\u201313. doi: 10.1080\/14622200701491255","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701491255"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciag MC, Yousuf A, Hauptman M. Impact of prenatal exposure to smoking on child health. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2022;65:388\u201396. doi: 10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000698","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000698"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlin M, Kohn E, Keidar R, Livne A, Marom R, Ovental A, Mandel D, Lubetzky R, Betser M, Moskovich M, Hazan A, Groisman L, Rorman E, Berkovitch M, Matok I, Rosen LJ. Paternal smoking and maternal secondhand smoke exposure and the effects on the offspring: results from the EHF (Environmental Health Fund) birth cohort. Isr J Health Policy Res 2025;14:1\u201310. doi: 10.1186\/s13584-025-00706-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13584-025-00706-3"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghavi T, Arger CA, Heil SH, Higgins ST, Tyndale RF. Longitudinal influence of pregnancy on nicotine metabolic pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018;364:238\u201345. doi: 10.1124\/jpet.117.245126","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.245126"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brajenovi\u0107 N, Br\u010di\u0107 Kara\u010donji I, Mikoli\u0107 A, Stasenko S, Piasek M. Tobacco smoke and pregnancy: segmental analysis of nicotine in maternal hair. Arch Environ Occup Health 2013;68:117\u201322. doi: 10.1080\/19338244.2012.658121","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2012.658121"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhun H, Seo H, Lee D, Sung M, Kang Y, Syn HC, Jun JK. Self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine levels among pregnant women in Korea and factors associated with smoking during pregnancy. J Korean Med Sci 2010;25:752\u20137. doi: 10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.5.752","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.5.752"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim S. Overview of cotinine cutoff values for smoking status classification. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016;13:1236. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph13121236","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13121236"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang J, Hashemi S, Han W, Song Y, Lim Y. Exposure and risk assessment of second- and third-hand tobacco smoke using urinary cotinine levels in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:3746. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph19063746","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063746"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickett KE, Rathouz PJ, Kasza K, Wakschlag LS, Wright R. Self-reported smoking, cotinine levels, and patterns of smoking in pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005;19:368\u201376. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2005.00660.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2005.00660.x"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ska-Danch W, Wardas W, Sobczak A, Szoltysek-Boldys I. Estimation of urinary cotinine cut-off points distinguishing non-smokers, passive and active smokers. Biomarkers 2007;12:484\u201396. doi: 10.1080\/13547500701421341","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500701421341"},{"key":"2026080311582896616_j_aiht-2025-76-4052_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim S, Jung A. Optimum cutoff value of urinary cotinine distinguishing South Korean adult smokers from nonsmokers using data from the KNHANES (2008\u20132010). Nicotine Tob Res 2013;15:1608\u201316. doi: 10.1093\/ntr\/ntt027","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt027"}],"container-title":["Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/aiht-2025-76-4052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:58:40Z","timestamp":1785758320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/aiht-2025-76-4052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/aiht-2025-76-4052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/aiht-2025-76-4052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1848-6312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1848-6312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}