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The vaccine\u2019s ability to broadly activate the immune system suggests its potential to bolster non-specific immunity, which could be crucial for combating respiratory pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interferon (IFN)-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b2, and IFN-\u03b3 as well as the secretion of these cytokines in whole blood co-stimulated cultures with BCG and antigens of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) from BCG-vaccinated Polish children who have been infected or uninfected with RSV and\/or SARS-CoV-2. Significant differences were observed in the secretion and mRNA expression of IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 in response to RSV antigens in all groups of children studied. When cultures were conducted in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigens, live BCG did not induce increased IFN-\u03b1 secretion compared with cultures stimulated with these antigens alone. However, enhanced secretion was observed for IFN-\u03b3, and no such relationship was observed for mRNA expression. Furthermore, discrepancies between IFN-\u03b2 secretion and mRNA expression were observed, suggesting that IFN protein secretion can also be controlled at the translational or posttranslational level. The data from our studies indicate that BCG vaccination may modulate the IFN response to viral challenges with SARS-CoV-2 and RSV, suggesting a potential immunoregulatory role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/aite-2025-0007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T15:12:50Z","timestamp":1742310770000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effect of the Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) Vaccine on the\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Interferon Response Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antigens"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5551-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Jurczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland"},{"name":"The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences , Lodz , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation in Lodz , Lodz , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kowalewska-Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation in Lodz , Lodz , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Druszczynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062002030861501_j_aite-2025-0007_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abarca K, Rey-Jurado E, Mu\u00f1oz-Durango N et al. 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