{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:10:16Z","timestamp":1787825416191,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chimerism-based strategies remain promising for tolerance induction in solid organ and vascularized composite allograft (VCA) transplantation. This study aimed to develop a novel, less toxic chimeric cell therapy to prolong allograft survival and reduce the need for lifelong immunosuppression. Di-chimeric cells (DCC) were created via polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    fusion of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from August Copenhagen Irish (ACI) and Lewis rats. Twenty-four fully major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched groin flap VCAs were transplanted from ACI rat major histocompatibility complex (rat MHC) (RT1\n                    <jats:sup>a<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) donors to Lewis (RT1\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) recipients under a 7-day immunosuppressive protocol of anti-\u03b1\u03b2TCR antibody and tacrolimus, combined with four different cell therapies of\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6\/group: Group 1, saline control; Group 2, MSC; Group 3, HSC\/HSC DCC; and Group 4, HSC\/MSC DCC. DCC were delivered via the intraosseous injection. DCC phenotype was confirmed by flow cytometry (FC). Graft rejection was evaluated macroscopically. A single DCC dose significantly prolonged VCA survival, with the best results in Group 4 (94 \u00b1 1.65 days), followed by Group 3 (66 \u00b1 1.24 days), Group 2 (45.5 \u00b1 4.08 days), and Group 1 (38 \u00b1 4.29 days). This study confirmed immunomodulatory and tolerogenic properties of DCC, supporting VCA transplantation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/aite-2026-0013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T23:07:44Z","timestamp":1775862464000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Di-Chimeric Cell Therapy Derived From Hematopoietic and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Immune Tolerance and Extends Vascularized Composite Allograft Survival"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Siemionow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safak Halil","family":"Uygur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Stawarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucile","family":"Chambily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Budzynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Radecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072522431350055_j_aite-2026-0013_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslan E, Klimczak A, Siemionow M (2007) Chimerism induction in vascularized bone marrow transplants augmented with bone marrow cells. 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