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Natural killer (NK) cells are pivotal in the immune response following HSCT, as these cells regenerate early and play a crucial role in detecting and eliminating infections. In the present study, we analyzed expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes coding for NK cell Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCRs). Expression was studied on the mRNA level and on the protein level, using flow cytometry to examine NCR-positive NK cell populations. Our study revealed significant higher expression of\n                    <jats:italic>NCR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>NCR3<\/jats:italic>\n                    in HSCT recipients with CMV infection compared to those without complications. Additionally, expression of both receptors correlated with expression of IFN-\u03b3. Changes over time after HSCT were observed in the proportion of NCR1+ NK cells. SNPs genotyping identified associations of\n                    <jats:italic>NCR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs1433097 and\n                    <jats:italic>NCR3<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs11575836 genotypes with increased risk of CMV infection, as well as of\n                    <jats:italic>NCR3<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs11575836 with post-HSCT overall survival. These results underscore the crucial role of NCRs in the prevention of infection and the development of post-HSCT complications, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets to improve transplant outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/aite-2026-0019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:56:18Z","timestamp":1782402978000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NCR1 and NCR3 Expression and Genetic Polymorphism are Associated with CMV Infection after Allogeneic Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Bia\u0142y","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"\u0141acina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagoda","family":"Siemaszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donata","family":"Szymczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Hematology, Cellular Therapies and Internal Medicine , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szeremet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Hematology, Cellular Therapies and Internal Medicine , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Majcherek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Hematology, Cellular Therapies and Internal Medicine , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Czy\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Hematology, Cellular Therapies and Internal Medicine , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hematology-Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Gliwice , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Fidyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hematology-Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology , Gliwice , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Solarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Medicine , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Nasi\u0142owska-Adamska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Medicine , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Skowro\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Tissue Bank, University Medical Center in Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bieniaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Transplantology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz W.","family":"Basak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , 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