{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:55:57Z","timestamp":1790787357995,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage renal disease, yet long-term graft survival remains limited by allograft rejection. While T and B cells and donor-specific antibodies (DSA) have been the main focus, accumulating evidence indicates that natural killer (NK) cells play a significant dual role in both graft injury and immune adaptation, including in DSA-negative rejection. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on the dual role of NK cells in kidney transplantation, with emphasis on antibody-independent mechanisms, adaptive NK-cell subsets, and their potential as biomarkers of graft outcome. NK cells are highly heterogeneous, consisting of CD56\n                    <jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD56\n                    <jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD16 subsets. Cytomegalovirus infection promotes expansion of adaptive NKG2C\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD57\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells with memory-like features. In rejection, NK cells act through both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-inde-pendent pathways, such as \u201cmissing-self\u201d recognition via killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR)\/human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch and release of the killer-specific secretory protein of 37 kDa (Ksp37). Specific NK subsets are associated with microvascular inflammation and graft loss even in the absence of DSA. In contrast, NK cells support tolerance by killing donor dendritic cells and activated T cells, producing interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), and undergoing reeducation, gradually shifting from a cytotoxic to a regulatory phenotype. NK cells exert a dual, often opposing role in kidney transplantation, mediating both allograft injury and immune tolerance. Better understanding of their plasticity may enable new biomarkers and NK-targeted therapies to improve long-term graft survival.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/aite-2026-0026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:57:11Z","timestamp":1790783831000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural Killer Cells in Kidney Transplantation: Dual Role in Allograft Injury and Immune Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Skotny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health-Executive and Continuing Education , Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA"},{"name":"Clinical Research Support Center , 4th Military Hospital , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1235-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Pozna\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Clinical Immunology at 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Department of Non-Procedural Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3216-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ko\u015bcielska-Kasprzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Support Center , 4th Military Hospital , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Clinical Immunology at 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Department of Non-Procedural Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7720-7163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Bartoszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Support Center , 4th Military Hospital , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Clinical Immunology at 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Department of Non-Procedural Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1810-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelina","family":"\u017babi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Support Center , 4th Military Hospital , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Clinical Immunology at 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Department of Non-Procedural Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Support Center , 4th Military Hospital , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Clinical Immunology at 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Department of Non-Procedural Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2632-2409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Krajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Clinical Immunology at 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Department of Non-Procedural Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wroc\u0142aw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alari-Pahissa E, Federico-Vega J, Ataya M et al. (2025) Alloreactive adaptive natural killer cells in renal transplantation: potential con-tribution to allograft microvascular inflammation. Am J Transplant 25:1657\u20131669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.04.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.04.024"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashraf MI, Sarwar A, K\u00fchl AA et al. (2019) Natural killer cells pro-mote kidney graft rejection independently of cyclosporine a therapy. Front Immunol 10:2279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02279","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02279"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ataya M, Redondo-Pach\u00f3n D, Llin\u00e0s-Mallol L et al. (2020) Pretransplant adaptive NKG2C+ NK cells protect against cyto-megalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 20:663\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajt.15658","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15658"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babich T, Daitch V, Leibovici L et al. (2026) Life expectancy after kidney transplantation in a population-based retro-spective cohort. Sci Rep 16:6310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-37536-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-37536-5"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielekova B, Catalfamo M, Reichert-Scrivner S et al. (2006) Regulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells mediate immuno-modulatory effects of IL-2Ralpha-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:5941\u20135946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0601335103","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601335103"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clatworthy MR (2011) Targeting B cells and antibody in trans-plantation. Am J Transplant 11:1359\u20131367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03554.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03554.x"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delville M, Charreau B, Rabant M et al. (2016) Pathogenesis of non-HLA antibodies in solid organ transplantation: where do we stand? Hum Immunol 77:1055\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humimm.2016.05.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2016.05.021"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diebold M, Mayer KA, Hidalgo L et al. (2025) Chronic rejection after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 109:610\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TP.0000000000005187","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000005187"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foley B, Cooley S, Verneris MR et al. (2011) NK cell education after allogeneic transplantation: dissociation between recovery of cytokine-producing and cytotoxic functions. Blood 118:2784\u20132792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2011-04-347070","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-347070"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuhrmann B, Jiang J, Mcleod P et al. (2024) Inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity by tubular epithelial cell expression of Clr-b and Clr-f. Curr Res Immunol 5:100081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crimmu.2024.100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crimmu.2024.100081"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasemzadeh M, Hosseini E, Schwarer AP et al. (2016) NK cell maturation to CD56(dim) subset associated with high levels of NCRs overrides the inhibitory effect of NKG2A and recovers impaired NK cell cytolytic potential after allogeneic hematopoi-etic stem cell transplantation. Leuk Res 43:58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leukres.2015.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2015.12.002"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gum\u00e1 M, Angulo A, Vilches C et al. (2004) Imprint of human cyto-megalovirus infection on the NK cell receptor repertoire. Blood 104:3664\u20133671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2004-05-2058","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-05-2058"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadaya K, de Rham C, Bandelier C et al. (2008) Natural killer cell receptor repertoire and their ligands, and the risk of CMV infec-tion after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 8:2674\u20132683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02431.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02431.x"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halloran PF (2010) T cell-mediated rejection of kidney transplants: a personal viewpoint. Am J Transplant 10:1126\u20131134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03053.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03053.x"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan N, Eldershaw S, Stephens C et al. (2022) CMV reactivation initiates long-term expansion and differentiation of the NK cell repertoire. Front Immunol 13:935949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.935949","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.935949"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiura S, Kuwasaki Y, Nishikawa Y et al. (2025) Selective ago-nists of KIR and NKG2A to evade missing self response of natural killer cells. Sci Rep 15:33550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-18394-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18394-z"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz A, Heeger P (2026) Natural killer cells in kidney immune surveillance, injury and fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 22:215\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-025-01029-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-025-01029-x"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini E, Minagar A, Ghasemzadeh M et al. (2023) HLA-E*01:01 + HLA-E*01:01 genotype confers less susceptibility to COVID-19, while HLA-E*01:03 + HLA-E*01:03 genotype is associated with more severe disease. Hum Immunol 84:263\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humimm.2023.02.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2023.02.002"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini E, Schwarer AP, Jalali A et al. (2013) The impact of HLA-E polymorphisms on relapse following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Leuk Res 37:516\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leukres.2013.01.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2013.01.011"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaulfuss M, Mietz J, Fabri A et al. (2023) The NK cell checkpoint NKG2A maintains expansion capacity of human NK cells. Sci Rep 13:10555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-37779-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37779-6"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kildey K, Francis RS, Hultin S et al. (2019) Specialized roles of human natural killer cell subsets in kidney transplant rejection. Front Immunol 10:1877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01877","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01877"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Garff-Tavernier M, Decocq J, de Romeuf C et al. (2011) Analysis of CD16+CD56dim NK cells from CLL patients: evidence sup-porting a therapeutic strategy with optimized anti-CD20 monoclo-nal antibodies. Leukemia 25:101\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/leu.2010.240","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.240"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebraud E, Eloudzeri M, Rabant M et al. (2022) Microvascular inflammation of the renal allograft: a reappraisal of the underlying mechanisms. Front Immunol 13:864730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.864730","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.864730"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahr B, Pilat N, Maschke S et al. (2017) Regulatory T cells promote natural killer cell education in mixed chimeras. Am J Transplant 17:3049\u20133059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajt.14342","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14342"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma K, Zheng Z-R, Meng Y (2023) Natural killer cells, as the rising point in tissues, are forgotten in the kidney. Biomolecules 13:748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13050748","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050748"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier-Kriesche HU, Ojo AO, Port FK et al. (2001) Survival improve-ment among patients with end-stage renal disease: trends over time for transplant recipients and wait-listed patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:1293\u20131296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.V1261293","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1261293"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moroso V, Metselaar HJ, Mancham S et al. (2010) Liver grafts contain a unique subset of natural killer cells that are transferred into the recipient after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 16:895\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.22080","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22080"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul S, Lal G (2017) The molecular mechanism of natural killer cells function and its importance in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 8:1124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01124","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01124"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poggio ED, Augustine JJ, Arrigain S et al. (2021) Long-term kidney transplant graft survival-making progress when most needed. Am J Transplant 21:2824\u20132832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajt.16463","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16463"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli A, Michel T, Th\u00e9r\u00e9sine M et al. (2009) CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells: an important NK cell subset. Immunology 126:458\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.03027.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.03027.x"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontrelli P, Rascio F, Castellano G et al. (2020) The role of natural killer cells in the immune response in kidney transplantation. Front Immunol 11:1454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01454","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01454"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin R, Qin J, Li X et al. (2023) Influence of immunosuppressive drugs on natural killer cells in therapeutic drug exposure in liver transplantation. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 12:835\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/hbsn-22-438","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-22-438"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan DF, Fribourg M, Yuki Y et al. (2024) High-dimensional analysis of NK cells in kidney transplantation uncovers subsets associ-ated with antibody-independent graft dysfunction. JCI Insight 9:e185687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.185687","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.185687"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlums H, Cichocki F, Tesi B et al. (2015) Cytomegalovirus infection drives adaptive epigenetic diversification of NK cells with altered signaling and effector function. Immunity 42:443\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.008"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troise D, Infante B, Mercuri S et al. (2025) Exploring the immunologi-cal landscape of ischemia\/reperfusion injury and graft rejection in kidney transplantation: shared mechanisms and insights. Cells 14:1443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14181443","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14181443"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsao T, Qiu L, Bharti R (2024) CD94+ natural killer cells potentiate pul-monary ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Eur Respir J 64:2302171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02171-2023","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02171-2023"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Acker HH, Capsomidis A, Smits EL et al. (2017) CD56 in the immune system: more than a marker for cytotoxicity? Front Immunol 8:892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00892","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00892"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu X, Han Y, Huang H et al. (2019) Circulating NK cell subsets and NKT like cells in renal transplant recipients with acute T cell mediated renal allograft rejection. Mol Med Rep 19:4238\u20134248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2019.10091","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2019.10091"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu G, Xu X, Vu MD et al. (2006) NK cells promote transplant tol-erance by killing donor antigen-presenting cells. J Exp Med 203:1851\u20131858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20060603","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060603"},{"key":"2026093015570617691_j_aite-2026-0026_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagorulya M, Yim L, Morgan DM et al. (2023) Tissue-specific abundance of interferon-gamma drives regulatory T cells to restrain DC1-mediated priming of cytotoxic T cells against lung cancer. Immunity 56:386\u2013405.e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.010"}],"container-title":["Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/aite-2026-0026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:57:26Z","timestamp":1790783846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/aite-2026-0026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/aite-2026-0026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/aite-2026-0026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1661-4917"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1661-4917","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"article-number":"20260026"}}