{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T21:36:22Z","timestamp":1777325782167,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the mid-19th century, European countries underwent significant changes in their economies. To a large extent they were facilitated by the development of railways. The ability to transport goods quickly and cheaply by land facilitated industrial development and urban growth. The growing needs of the economy created the need for educated specialists who could successfully meet the increasing demands. Riga was not an exception in these processes. A decision inspired by local entrepreneurs was made to educate specialists locally instead of attracting them from other countries. Established in 1862, the Riga Polytechnic was the first institution of higher technical education in the Baltic region. Already in the first decade of its operation, the Department of Architecture (DA) was opened. This study is aimed at identifying and evaluating the circumstances that impacted the formation of architectural education in Riga and estimating the contribution of DA graduates to the urban landscape of Riga city centre.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/aup-2019-0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,26]],"date-time":"2020-01-26T04:02:02Z","timestamp":1580011322000},"page":"75-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epoch and School: Beginnings of Architectural Education at the Riga Polytechnic"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"U\u0123is","family":"Bratu\u0161kins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Technical University , Riga , Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Treija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riga Technical University , Riga , Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_001","unstructured":"1. Krasti\u0146\u0161, J., Strautmanis, I., Riga: The Complete Guide to Architecture. Riga: ADD Projekts, 2004. 375 p. ISBN 9984968707."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_002","unstructured":"2. Altbergs, T., August\u0101ne, K., P\u0113tersone, I. Dzelzce\u013ci Latvij\u0101. R\u012bga: Jumava, 2009. 200 p. ISBN 978-9984-38-698-0."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_003","unstructured":"3. Vilka, B. R\u012bgas r\u016bpniec\u012bba 19. gs. 60.\u201480. gados. R\u012bga 1860.\u20141917., [red.] Krasti\u0146\u0161, J. R\u012bga: Zin\u0101tne, 1978. 496 p."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_004","unstructured":"4. Ozoli\u0146a, D. R\u012bgas pils\u0113tas pa\u0161vald\u012bba un komun\u0101l\u0101 saimniec\u012bba 20. gs. s\u0101kum\u0101. R\u012bga 1860\u2014 1917, [red.] Krasti\u0146\u0161, J. R\u012bga: Zin\u0101tne, 1978. 496 p."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_005","unstructured":"5. \u0160ili\u0146\u0161, J. Kas un k\u0101p\u0113c j\u0101zina par Baltijas augstskolas atkl\u0101\u0161anu pirms 100 gadiem 14.10.2018 [online]. lsm.lv. [cited 21.12. 2018]. https:\/\/www.lsm.lv\/raksts\/dzive--stils\/vesture\/kas-un-kapec-jazina-par-baltijas-augstskolasatklasanu-pirms-100-gadiem.a295923\/."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_006","unstructured":"6. Krasti\u0146\u0161, J. Eklektisms R\u012bgas arhitekt\u016br\u0101. R\u012bga: Zin\u0101tne, 1988. 279 p. ISBN 5-7966-0093-1."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_007","unstructured":"7. Briedis, J. (atb. red.). Augst\u0101k\u0101s tehnisk\u0101s izgl\u012bt\u012bbas v\u0113sture Latvij\u0101. S\u0113j. 1. R\u012bga: R\u012bgas Tehnisk\u0101 universit\u0101te, 2002. 296 p. ISBN 9984327744."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_008","unstructured":"8. Krasti\u0146\u0161, J., Vasi\u013cjevs, J. R\u012bgas izb\u016bve un arhitekt\u016bra 19. gs. otraj\u0101 pus\u0113 un 20. gs. s\u0101kum\u0101. R\u012bga 1860\u20141917, [red.] Krasti\u0146\u0161, J. R\u012bga: Zin\u0101tne, 1978. 496 p."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_009","unstructured":"9. Lejnieks, J. (atb. red.), Latvijas arhitekt\u016bras meistari. R\u012bga: R\u012bgas Tehnisk\u0101s universit\u0101tes Arhitekt\u016bras fakult\u0101te, Zvaigzne ABC, 1995. 286 p. ISBN 9984040593."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_010","unstructured":"10. Lejnieks, J., Redberga, Z. (sast\u0101d.). Ievads. Latvie\u0161u arhitektu teor\u0113tiskie raksti un manifesti 20. gadsimt\u0101 \/\/ Latvian Architects: Theoretical Writings and Manifestos in the 20th Century. Riga: Latvijas Arhitekt\u016bras muzeja fonds, 2007. 175 p."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_011","unstructured":"11. Laube, E. Par b\u016bvniec\u012bbas stilu. Zalktis, s\u0113j. 4, 1908."},{"key":"2026042716210260061_j_aup-2019-0010_ref_012","unstructured":"12. Krasti\u0146\u0161, J. R\u012bgas j\u016bgendstila \u0113kas \/ Art Nouveau Buildings in Riga. R\u012bga: ADD Projekts, 2018. 480 p. ISBN 978-9934-8318-4-3."}],"container-title":["Architecture and Urban Planning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/aup\/15\/1\/article-p75.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/aup-2019-0010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T20:50:39Z","timestamp":1777323039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/aup-2019-0010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/aup-2019-0010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/aup-2019-0010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2255-8764"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2255-8764","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]}}}