{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T22:45:48Z","timestamp":1777329948236,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Miscarriage, defined as the spontaneous loss of a fetus before viability, is the most common complication of pregnancy. Among its many causes, genetic factors are thought to play a significant role. One of the key signaling pathways involved in embryonic development is the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway, which regulates critical processes such as embryonic cell migration, cell fate determination, proliferation, and differentiation. This pathway is also essential for early developmental events, including preimplantation development and blastocyst implantation. Although numerous animal studies have linked disruptions in Wnt signaling to pregnancy loss, limited data exist on its role in human miscarriage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression profiles of genes involved in the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in placental tissues from a total of 23 miscarriage cases, including 15 with normal and 8 with abnormal fetal karyotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our analysis revealed that GSK3B, WNT3A, WNT4, AXIN2, and APC were upregulated in the normal karyo-type group, while CTNNB1 (\u03b2-catenin) and WNT5A were downregulated. DVL1 expression showed no significant difference between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>These findings suggest that upregulation of GSK3B, AXIN2, and APC, together with downregulation of \u03b2-catenin, may lead to inhibition of the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway. Such disruption could impair key cellular processes\u2014including proliferation, migration, and blastocyst implantation\u2014that are essential for early pregnancy maintenance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/bjmg-2025-0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T04:56:54Z","timestamp":1759985814000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Expression Profile of Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signalling Pathway Genes in Miscarriages"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"E","family":"Gulseren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Education , Near East University , Nicosia , Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C B A","family":"Garber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Education , Near East University , Nicosia , Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Hamad Al","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine, Medical Economy and Health Science , University of Applied Sciences in Cologne , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A C","family":"Ozay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine , Internal Cyprus University , Nicosia , Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Mocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Near East University , Nicosia , Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G S","family":"Temel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine , Bursa Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C M","family":"Ergoren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine , Near East University , Nicosia , Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. G. Kanmaz, A. H. \u0130nan, E. Beyan, and A. Budak, \u201cThe effects of threatened abortions on pregnancy outcomes.,\u201d Ginekol. Pol., vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 195\u2013200, 2019.","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2019.0035"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. George et al., \u201cPlasma folate levels and risk of spontaneous abortion.,\u201d JAMA, vol. 288, no. 15, pp. 1867\u20131873, Oct. 2002.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.15.1867"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. J. Wilcox et al., \u201cIncidence of Early Loss of Pregnancy,\u201d N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 319, no. 4, pp. 189\u2013194, Jul. 1988.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198807283190401"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. J. Zinaman, E. D. Clegg, C. C. Brown, J. O'Connor, and S. G. Selevan, \u201cEstimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss*\u2020*Supported by grant CR-820787 from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.\u2020The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or ,\u201d Fertil. Steril., vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 503\u2013509, 1996.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58144-8"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_005","unstructured":"C. P. Griebel, J. Halvorsen, T. B. Golemon, and A. A. Day, \u201cManagement of spontaneous abortion,\u201d Am. Fam. Physician, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 1243\u20131250, 2005."},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Maconochie, P. Doyle, S. Prior, and R. Simmons, \u201cRisk factors for first trimester miscarriage\u2014results from a UK-population-based case\u2013control study,\u201d BJOG An Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 170\u2013186, 2007.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01193.x"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. D. Birch, D. Gulati, and S. Mandalia, \u201cCervical shock: A complication of incomplete abortion,\u201d BMJ Case Rep., vol. 2017, 2017.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-220452"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. George, F. Granath, A. L. V Johansson, B. Olander, and S. Cnattingius, \u201cRisks of repeated miscarriage.,\u201d Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 119\u2013126, Mar. 2006.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00703.x"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Philipp, K. Philipp, A. Reiner, F. Beer, and D. K. Kalousek, \u201cEmbryoscopic and cytogenetic analysis of 233 missed abortions: Factors involved in the pathogenesis of developmental defects of early failed pregnancies,\u201d Hum. Reprod., vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1724\u20131732, 2003.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg309"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_010","unstructured":"R. Raghupathy, \u201cThe immunology of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion: cytokines as key mediators,\u201d Bull. Kuwait Inst. Med. Spec, no. March, pp. 32\u201338, 2003."},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Friebe and P. Arck, \u201cCauses for spontaneous abortion: What the bugs \u2018gut\u2019 to do with it?,\u201d Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 2348\u20132352, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.04.019"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. C. Magnus, A. J. Wilcox, N. H. Morken, C. R. Weinberg, and S. E. H\u00e5berg, \u201cRole of maternal age and pregnancy history in risk of miscarriage: Prospective register based study,\u201d BMJ, vol. 364, pp. 1\u20138, 2019.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l869"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. E. Brett, Z. M. Ferraro, J. Yockell-Lelievre, A. Gruslin, and K. B. Adamo, \u201cMaternal\u2013Fetal nutrient transport in pregnancy pathologies: The role of the placenta,\u201d Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 16153\u201316185, 2014.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150916153"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Cimadomo, G. Fabozzi, A. Vaiarelli, N. Ubaldi, F. M. Ubaldi, and L. Rienzi, \u201cImpact of maternal age on oocyte and embryo competence,\u201d Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)., vol. 9, no. JUL, 2018.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00327"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Woods, V. Perez-Garcia, and M. Hemberger, \u201cRegulation of Placental Development and Its Impact on Fetal Growth\u2014New Insights From Mouse Models,\u201d Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)., vol. 9, no. September, pp. 1\u201318, 2018.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00570"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Pollheimer et al., \u201cActivation of the canonical wingless\/T-cell factor signaling pathway promotes invasive differentiation of human trophoblast,\u201d Am. J. Pathol., vol. 168, no. 4, pp. 1134\u20131147, 2006.","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050686"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Kn\u00f6fler and J. Pollheimer, \u201cHuman placental trophoblast invasion and differentiation: A particular focus on Wnt signaling,\u201d Front. Genet., vol. 4, no. SEP, pp. 1\u201314, 2013.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2013.00190"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Sonderegger, H. Husslein, C. Leisser, and M. Kn\u00f6fler, \u201cComplex Expression Pattern of Wnt Ligands and Frizzled Receptors in Human Placenta and its Trophoblast Subtypes,\u201d Placenta, vol. 28, no. SUPPL., 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.11.003"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Clevers, \u201cWnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling in Development and Disease,\u201d Cell, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 469\u2013480, 2006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.10.018"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Clevers and R. Nusse, \u201cWnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling and disease,\u201d Cell, vol. 149, no. 6, pp. 1192\u20131205, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.012"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. T. MacDonald, K. Tamai, and X. He, \u201cWnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling: Components, Mechanisms, and Diseases,\u201d Dev. Cell, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 9\u201326, 2009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.06.016"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q. Chen et al., \u201cEmbryo \u2013 uterine cross-talk during implantation : the role of Wnt signaling \u2020,\u201d vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 215\u2013221, 2009.","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gap009"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Kemp, E. Willems, S. Abdo, L. Lambiv, and L. Leyns, \u201cExpression of all Wnt genes and their secreted antagonists during mouse blastocyst and post-implantation development,\u201d Dev. Dyn., vol. 233, no. 3, pp. 1064\u20131075, 2005.","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20408"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Li, N. Li, P. Zhu, Y. Wang, Y. Tian, and X. Wang, \u201cDecreased \u03b2-catenin expression in first-trimester villi and decidua of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion,\u201d J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 904\u2013911, 2015.","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12647"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. J. Sanz-Ezquerro, A. E. M\u00fcnsterberg, and S. Stricker, \u201cEditorial: Signaling pathways in embryonic development,\u201d Front. Cell Dev. Biol., vol. 5, no. AUG, pp. 1\u20133, 2017.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2017.00076"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Gentzel and A. Schambony, \u201cDishevelled paralogs in vertebrate development: Redundant or distinct?,\u201d Front. Cell Dev. Biol., vol. 5, no. MAY, pp. 1\u20138, 2017.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2017.00059"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Ciarke, C. Labeiie-Dumais, O. Mohamed, D. Dufort, K. Kuroda, and M. Jonnaert, \u201cUterine Wnt\/\u00df-catenin signaling is required for implantation,\u201d Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., no. 24, pp. 8579\u20138584, 2005.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500612102"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. R. Tekmal and N. Keshava, \u201cRole of MMTV integration locus cellular genes in breast cancer.,\u201d Front. Biosci., vol. 2, 1997.","DOI":"10.2741\/A209"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Scholz et al., \u201cEndothelial RSPO3 Controls Vascular Stability and Pruning through Non-canonical WNT\/Ca2+\/NFAT Signaling,\u201d Dev. Cell, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 79\u201393, 2016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.12.015"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. K. Sethi and A. Vidalpuig, \u201cEurope PMC Funders Group Wnt signalling and the control of cellular metabolism,\u201d vol. 427, no. 1, pp. 1\u201317, 2015.","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20091866"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. W. Holstein, \u201cThe evolution of the wnt pathway,\u201d Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 1\u201317, 2012.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007922"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_032","unstructured":"J. R. Miller, \u201cThe Wnts,\u201d Genome Biol., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1\u201315, 2002."},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u201cDefinitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss,\u201d Fertil. Steril., vol. 89, no. 6, p. 1603, 2008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.03.002"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Kleinert, J. Art, and A. Pautz, Regulation of the Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, Second Edi., no. i. Elsevier Inc., 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-373866-0.00007-1"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. de Jaime-Soguero, W. A. A. De Oliveira, and F. Lluis, \u201cThe pleiotropic effects of the canonical wnt pathway in early development and pluripotency,\u201d Genes (Basel)., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1\u201323, 2018.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020093"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Kalo\u01e7lu,, E. G\u00fcrsoy, and B. Onarlio\u01e7lu, \u201cEarly maternal changes contributing to the formation of the chorioallantoic and yolk sac placentas in rat: A morphological study,\u201d J. Vet. Med. Ser. C Anat. Histol. Embryol., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 200\u2013206, 2003.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0264.2003.00450.x"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Benz et al., \u201cLow wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling determines leaky vessels in the subfornical organ and affects water homeostasis in mice,\u201d Elife, vol. 8, pp. 1\u201329, 2019.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43818"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. F. Ng et al., \u201cWNT Signaling in Disease,\u201d Cells, vol. 8, no. 8, 2019.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080826"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Kozmikova and Z. Kozmik, \u201cWnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling is an evolutionarily conserved determinant of chordate dorsal organizer,\u201d Elife, vol. 9, no. Dv, pp. 1\u201329, 2020.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56817"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. W. Pond, K. Doubrovinski, and C. A. Thorne, \u201cWNT\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in tissue self-organization,\u201d Genes (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1\u201318, 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11080939"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. N. Ramirez, K. Loubet-Senear, and M. Srivastava, \u201cA Regulatory Program for Initiation of Wnt Signaling during Posterior Regeneration,\u201d Cell Rep., vol. 32, no. 9, p. 108098, 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108098"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Krivega, W. Essahib, and H. Van De Velde, \u201cb-catenin regulate trophectoderm lineage differentiation in human blastocysts,\u201d vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 711\u2013722, 2015.","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gav036"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. H. Bao, W. Shuai, J. Tong, L. Wang, P. Chen, and T. Duan, \u201cIncreased Dickkopf-1 expression in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous miscarriage,\u201d Clin. Exp. Immunol., vol. 172, no. 3, pp. 437\u2013443, 2013.","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12066"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_044","unstructured":"Q. Zhu, Y. Dong, L. Zhang, and H. Xia, \u201cis involved in missed abortion by targeting,\u201d 2016."},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Chronopoulou et al., \u201cin human placental tissue \u2013 is there a link with first trimester miscarriage ? Results from a pilot study,\u201d vol. 4, pp. 1\u201310, 2022.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-022-00923-4"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. W. Jeong et al., \u201c\u03b2-Catenin Mediates Glandular Formation and Dysregulation of \u03b2-Catenin Induces Hyperplasia Formation in the Murine Uterus,\u201d Oncogene, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 31\u201340, 2009.","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.363"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Chen, J. Wang, X. Fan, Y. Zhang, M. Zhoua, and X. Li, \u201cLASP2 inhibits trophoblast cell migration and invasion in preeclampsia through inactivation of the Wnt \/ \u03b2 -catenin signaling pathway,\u201d J. Recept. Signal Transduct., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 67\u201373, 2021.","DOI":"10.1080\/10799893.2020.1787444"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Zhang, X. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Shi, J. Wang, and H. Yan, \u201cWnt \/ \u03b2 -catenin signaling pathway in trophoblasts and abnormal activation in preeclampsia ( Review ),\u201d pp. 1007\u20131013, 2017.","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6718"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Bao et al., \u201cHyperactivated Wnt-\u03b2-catenin signaling in the absence of sFRP1 and sFRP5 disrupts trophoblast differentiation through repression of Ascl2,\u201d BMC Biol., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1\u201314, 2020.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00883-4"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. J. A. Carp, \u201cRecurrent pregnancy loss,\u201d Evidence-based Obstet. Gynecol., pp. 131\u2013144, 2018.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119072980.ch13"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. C. Denicol, K. B. Dobbs, K. M. McLean, S. F. Carambula, B. Loureiro, and P. J. Hansen, \u201cCanonical WNT signaling regulates development of bovine embryos to the blastocyst stage,\u201d Sci. Rep., vol. 3, pp. 1\u20137, 2013.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01266"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. W. Park et al., \u201cAlternative Wnt Signaling Activates YAP\/TAZ,\u201d Cell, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 780\u2013794, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.013"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Sonderegger, J. Pollheimer, and M. Kn\u00f6fler, \u201cWnt signalling in implantation, decidualisation and placental differentiation - Review,\u201d Placenta, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 839\u2013847, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.07.011"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Apicella, C. S. M. Ruano, C. M\u00e9hats, F. Miralles, and D. Vaiman, \u201cThe role of epigenetics in placental development and the etiology of preeclampsia,\u201d Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 20, no. 11, 2019.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112837"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Hayashi et al., \u201cWnt genes in the mouse uterus: Potential regulation of implantation,\u201d Biol. Reprod., vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 989\u20131000, 2009.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.075416"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Ring, P. Neth, C. Weber, S. Steffens, and A. Faussner, \u201c\u03b2-Catenin-dependent pathway activation by both promiscuous \u2018canonical\u2019 WNT3a-, and specific \u2018noncanonical\u2019 WNT4- and WNT5a-FZD receptor combinations with strong differences in LRP5 and LRP6 dependency,\u201d Cell. Signal., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 260\u2013267, 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.11.021"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Zhang, H. Li, L. Zhang, L. Jia, and P. Wang, \u201cDifferential expression of \u03b2-catenin and Dickkopf-1 in the third trimester placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies: a comparative study.,\u201d Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., vol. 11, pp. 1\u20139, 2013.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-11-17"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. J. Burton, E. Jauniaux, and D. S. Charnock-Jones, \u201cThe influence of the intrauterine environment on human placental development,\u201d Int. J. Dev. Biol., vol. 54, no. 2\u20133, pp. 303\u2013311, 2010.","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.082764gb"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zhou, C. H. Damsky, and S. J. Fisher, \u201cPreeclampsia is associated with failure of human cytotrophoblasts to mimic a vascular adhesion phenotype: One cause of defective endovascular invasion in this syndrome?,\u201d J. Clin. Invest., vol. 99, no. 9, pp. 2152\u20132164, 1997.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119388"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. A. Labarrere and O. H. Althabe, \u201cInadequate maternal vascular response to placentation in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and by small-forgestational-age infants.,\u201d British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, vol. 94, no. 11. England, pp. 1113\u20131116, Nov-1987.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1987.tb02302.x"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. M. Kim et al., \u201cFailure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes.,\u201d Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., vol. 189, no. 4, pp. 1063\u20131069, Oct. 2003.","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00838-X"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Kn\u00f6fler, \u201cCritical growth factors and signalling pathways controlling human trophoblast invasion,\u201d Int. J. Dev. Biol., vol. 54, no. 2\u20133, pp. 269\u2013280, 2010.","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.082769mk"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Mericskay, J. Kitajewski, and D. Sassoon, \u201cWnt5a is required for proper epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the uterus,\u201d Development, vol. 131, no. 9, pp. 2061\u20132072, 2004.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01090"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Cha et al., \u201cAppropriate Crypt Formation in the Uterus for Embryo Homing and Implantation Requires Wnt5a-ROR Signaling,\u201d Cell Rep., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 382\u2013392, 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.06.027"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. G\u00f3mez-Orte, B. S\u00e1enz-Narciso, S. Moreno, and J. Cabello, \u201cMultiple functions of the noncanonical Wnt pathway.,\u201d Trends Genet., vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 545\u2013553, Sep. 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2013.06.003"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Vukasovic et al., \u201cGlycosylation pattern and axin expression in normal and IUGR placentae,\u201d J. Matern. & Neonatal Med., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 558\u2013563, 2015.","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.926326"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Pijnenborg et al., \u201cPlacental bed spiral arteries in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.,\u201d Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., vol. 98, no. 7, pp. 648\u2013655, Jul. 1991.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1991.tb13450.x"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. E. Sedgwick and C. D'Souza-Schorey, \u201cWnt Signaling in Cell Motility and Invasion: Drawing Parallels between Development and Cancer.,\u201d Cancers (Basel)., vol. 8, no. 9, Aug. 2016.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers8090080"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Z. Partl, D. Fabijanovic, A. Skrtic, S. Vranic, T. N. Martic, and L. Serman, \u201cImmunohistochemical expression of SFRP1 and SFRP3 proteins in normal and malignant reproductive tissues of rats and humans.,\u201d Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. AIMM, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 681\u2013687, Oct. 2014.","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000019"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. M. Sola et al., \u201cDishevelled family proteins (Dvl1-3) expression in iugr placentas,\u201d Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 447\u2013453, 2021.","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2020.5422"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Ota, H. A. Baarsma, D. E. Wagner, A. Hilgendorff, and M. K\u00f6nigshoff, \u201cLinking bronchopulmonary dysplasia to adult chronic lung diseases: role of WNT signaling,\u201d Mol. Cell. Pediatr., vol. 3, no. 1, 2016.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40348-016-0062-6"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Grassilli et al., \u201cGSK3A Is Redundant with GSK3B in Modulating Drug Resistance and Chemotherapy-Induced Necroptosis,\u201d PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 7, p. e100947, Jul. 2014.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100947"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Y. Logan and R. Nusse, \u201cTHE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IN DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE,\u201d Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 781\u2013810, Oct. 2004.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.113126"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. van Amerongen and R. Nusse, \u201cTowards an integrated view of Wnt signaling in development,\u201d Development, vol. 136, no. 19, pp. 3205\u20133214, 2009.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.033910"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. R. Gough, \u201cFocus issue: Wnt and \u03b2-catenin signaling in development and disease,\u201d Sci. Signal., vol. 5, no. 206, pp. 1\u20133, 2012.","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2002806"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. C. Huang et al., \u201cThe duration of pre-ovulatory serum progesterone elevation before hCG administration affects the outcome of IVF\/ICSI cycles,\u201d Hum. Reprod., vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 2036\u20132045, 2012.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des141"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Bosch et al., \u201cCirculating progesterone levels and ongoing pregnancy rates in controlled ovarian stimulation cycles for in vitro fertilization: Analysis of over 4000 cycles,\u201d Hum. Reprod., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2092\u20132100, 2010.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq125"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Bosch, \u201cComment on: Is progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration associated with the probability of pregnancy in in vitro fertilization? A systematic review and meta-analysis. By Venetis et al (2007) [3],\u201d Hum. Reprod. Update, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 194\u2013195, 2008.","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm046"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Xiong et al., \u201cEffects of high progesterone in invitro fertilization cycle on DNA methylation and gene expression of adhesion molecules on endometrium during implantation window,\u201d J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 33\u201343, 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01623-6"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Dejana, \u201cThe role of wnt signaling in physiological and pathological angiogenesis,\u201d Circ. Res., vol. 107, no. 8, pp. 943\u2013952, 2010.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223750"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Rai et al., \u201cFactor V leiden and acquired activated protein C resistance among 1000 women with recurrent miscarriage,\u201d Hum. Reprod., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 961\u2013965, 2001.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.961"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. G. Lindqvist, P. Svensson, and B. Dahlb\u00e4ck, \u201cActivated protein C resistance - In the absence of factor V Leiden - And pregnancy,\u201d J. Thromb. Haemost., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 361\u2013366, 2006.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01714.x"},{"key":"2026042718411335166_j_bjmg-2025-0005_ref_083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Mahieu et al., \u201cHaemostatic changes and acquired activated protein C resistance in normal pregnancy,\u201d Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 685\u2013688, 2007.","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e3282f09835"}],"container-title":["Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/bjmg-2025-0005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T22:13:15Z","timestamp":1777327995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/bjmg-2025-0005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/bjmg-2025-0005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/bjmg-2025-0005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-5761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2199-5761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"article-number":"20250005"}}