{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:31:29Z","timestamp":1790793089934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives. The aim of this study was to present up to date information concerning the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism (PA). PA is the most common cause of endocrine hypertension. It has been reported up to 24% of selective referred hypertensive patients. Methods. We did a search in Pub-Med and Google Scholar using the terms: PA, hyperaldosteronism, idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia, diagnosis of PA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, adrenalectomy, and surgery. We also did cross-referencing search with the above terms. We had divided our study into five sections: Introduction, Diagnosis, Genetics, Treatment, and Conclusions. We present our results in a question and answer fashion in order to make reading more interesting. Results. PA should be searched in all high-risk populations. The gold standard for diagnosis PA is the plasma aldosterone\/plasma renin ratio (ARR). If this test is positive, then we proceed with one of the four confirmatory tests. If positive, then we proceed with a localizing technique like adrenal vein sampling (AVS) and CT scan. If the lesion is unilateral, after proper preoperative preparation, we proceed, in adrenalectomy. If the lesion is bilateral or the patient refuses or is not fit for surgery, we treat them with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, usually spironolactone. Conclusions. Primary aldosteronism is the most common and a treatable case of secondary hypertension. Only patients with unilateral adrenal diseases are eligible for surgery, while patients with bilateral and non-surgically correctable PA are usually treated by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA). Thus, the distinction between unilateral and bilateral aldosterone hypersecretion is crucial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/enr-2018-0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T03:56:35Z","timestamp":1523505395000},"page":"27-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A short review of primary aldosteronism in a question and answer fashion"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Frederick-Anthony","family":"Farrugia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgeon, Private practice, Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolaos","family":"Zavras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Martikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Surgeon, 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Tzanetis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Surgeon, 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anestis","family":"Charalampopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor Surgery, 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos P.","family":"Misiakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor Surgery, 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Sotiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident Surgeon, 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Koliakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident Surgeon, 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060500233715879_j_enr-2018-0005_ref_001_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab1Aa","unstructured":"AAES, T.A.A.o.E.S. Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn\u2019s syndrome or aldosterone-producing adrenal tumor). Patient Education. 2016."},{"key":"2026060500233715879_j_enr-2018-0005_ref_002_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agharazii M, Douville P, Grose JH, Lebel M. Captopril suppression versus salt loading in confirming primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 37, 1440-1443, 2001.10.1161\/01.HYP.37.6.144011408392","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.6.1440"},{"key":"2026060500233715879_j_enr-2018-0005_ref_003_w2aab3b7b4b1b6b1ab1ab3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Sukor N, Pimenta E, Stowasser M. Quality of life in patients with bilateral primary aldosteronism before and during treatment with spironolactone and\/or amiloride, including a comparison with our previously published results in those with unilateral disease treated surgically. 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