{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:34:48Z","timestamp":1777350888326,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most widely prescribed medications in the world. According to numerous studies, PPIs have been linked to hyperprolactinemia, which can lead to a variety of sexual and reproductive issues. This review summarizes the effects of numerous PPIs on the blood prolactin levels and associated sexual dysfunctions, which have an effect on the patient\u2019s life quality and fertility. The study is taken into account all the available resources till January 31, 2021. Out of total 364, only 27 relevant resources were involved in this review. In certain studies, short-term PPIs use has been shown to have little or no effect on the blood prolactin and other reproductive hormones levels. PPIs have been linked to the development of hyperprolactinemia in several case studies with varying degrees of the blood prolactin levels increase seen in individuals taking PPI alone or in combination with medications, like prokinetics. The relative risk of the sexual consequences development, such as gynecomastia, has been documented using lansoprazole and omeprazole in various cohort studies. On the other hand, other bits of data are insufficient to establish a definite relationship that can turn a possibility into certainty. The majority of the literature data is comprising of double-blind, randomized, crossover studies, case reports, and adverse drug reaction incidents reported to various pharmacovigilance centers. To investigate this link, high-quality studies in patients taking PPIs for a longer time period are needed. We conclude this article with a comprehensive discussion of the hyperprolactinemia clinical implications and the PPIs\u2019 function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/enr-2022-0015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T14:38:52Z","timestamp":1651329532000},"page":"134-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of hyperprolactinemia with associated sexual disorders"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ashfaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy , COMSATS University Islamabad , Abbottabad Campus , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zeeshan","family":"Haroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine , Ayub Medical College , Abbottabad , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasser MSA","family":"Alkahraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy , COMSATS University Islamabad , Abbottabad Campus , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akram F, Huang Y, Lim V, Huggan PJ, Merchant RA. Proton pump inhibitors: Are we still prescribing them without valid indications? Australas Med J 7, 465\u2013470, 2014.10.4066\/AMJ.2014.2093","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2014.2093"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alosaimi FD, Fallata EO, Abalhassan M, Alhabbad A, Alzain N, Alhaddad B, Alassiry MZ. Prevalence and risk factors of hyperprolactinemia among patients with various psychiatric diagnoses and medications. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 22, 274\u2013281, 2018.10.1080\/13651501.2018.1425459","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2018.1425459"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amoros JG. Disfuncion erectil e inhibidores de la bomba de protones. Med Clin 114, 478\u2013478, 2000.10.1016\/S0025-7753(00)71336-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(00)71336-4"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahamondes L, Faundes A, Tambascia M, Trevisan M, Dachs JN, Pinotti JA. Menstrual pattern and ovarian function in women with hyperprolactinemia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 23, 31\u201336, 1985.10.1016\/0020-7292(85)90007-4","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(85)90007-4"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Jonathan N. Hypothalamic control of prolactin synthesis and secretion. In Prolactin (Ed. Horseman ND), Springer US, 1\u201324, 2001.10.1007\/978-1-4615-1683-5_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1683-5_1"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Jonathan N, Hugo E. Prolactin (PRL) in adipose tissue: Regulation and functions. Adv Exp Med Biol 846, 1\u201335, 2015.10.1007\/978-3-319-12114-7_125472532","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12114-7_1"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_007","unstructured":"Bennett M. Vitamin B12 deficiency, infertility and recurrent fetal loss. J Reprod Med 46, 209\u2013212, 2001."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_008","unstructured":"Biller BM. Hyperprolactinemia. Int Fertil Womens Med 44, 74\u201377, 1999."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas S, Rodeck C. Plasma prolactin levels during pregnancy. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynaecol 83, 683\u2013687, 1976.10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00913.x974045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00913.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd AE, Reichlin S, Turksoy RN. Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome: Diagnosis and therapy. Ann Int Med 87, 165\u2013175, 1977.10.7326\/0003-4819-87-2-165407824","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-87-2-165"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo ML, Pinto MP, Gonzalez I, Oliva B, Kato S, Cuello MA, Lange CA, Owen GI. Progesterone regulation of tissue factor depends on MEK1\/2 activation and requires the proline-rich site on progesterone receptor. Endocrine 48, 309\u2013320, 2015.10.1007\/s12020-014-0288-924853881","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0288-9"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_012","unstructured":"Brett S. Science review: The use of proton pump inhibitors for gastric acid suppression in critical illness. Crit Care, 9, 1\u20136, 2004."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bushe CJ, Bradley A, Pendlebury J. A review of hyperprolactinaemia and severe mental illness: Are there implications for clinical biochemistry? Ann Clin Biochem 47, 292\u2013300, 2010.10.1258\/acb.2010.01002520592331","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2010.010025"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butelman ER, Kreek MJ. \u03ba-Opioid receptor agonist-induced prolactin release in primates is blocked by dopamine D2-like receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 423, 243\u2013249, 2001.10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01121-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01121-9"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buvat J, Lemaire A, Buvat-Herbaut M, Fourlinnie JC, Racadot A, Fossati P. Hyperprolactinemia and sexual function in men. Horm Res 22, 196\u2013203, 1985.10.1159\/000180094","DOI":"10.1159\/000180094"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capozzi A, Scambia G, Pontecorvi A, Lello S. Hyperprolactinemia: Pathophysiology and therapeutic approach. Gynecol Endocrinol 31, 506\u2013510, 2015.10.3109\/09513590.2015.1017810","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2015.1017810"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chahal J, Schlechte J. Hyperprolactinemia. Pituitary 11, 141\u2013146, 2008.10.1007\/s11102-008-0107-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-008-0107-5"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conaglen HM, Conaglen JV. Drug-induced sexual dysfunction in men and women. Aust Prescr 36, 42\u201345, 2013.10.18773\/austprescr.2013.021","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2013.021"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Convens C, Verhelst J, Mahler C. Painful gynaecomastia during omeprazole therapy. Lancet 338, 1153, 1991.10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92018-W","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92018-W"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulson M, Gibson GG, Plant N, Hammond T, Graham M. Lansoprazole increases testosterone metabolism and clearance in male Sprague-Dawley rats: Implications for Leydig cell carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 192, 154\u2013163, 2003.10.1016\/S0041-008X(03)00275-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(03)00275-8"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dammann HG, von zur Muhlen A, Balks HJ, Damaschke A, Steinhoff J, Hennig U, Schwarz JA, Fuchs W. The effects of lansoprazole, 30 or 60 mg daily, on intragastric pH and on endocrine function in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 7, 191\u2013196, 1993.10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1993.tb00089.x8485272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1993.tb00089.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dammann HG, Bethke T, Burkhardt F, Wolf N, Khalil H, Luehmann R. Effects of pantoprazole on endocrine function in healthy male volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 8, 549\u2013554, 1994.10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00329.x7865648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00329.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dammann HG, Burkhardt F, Wolf N. The effects of oral rabeprazole on endocrine and gastric secretory function in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13, 1195\u20131203, 1999.10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1999.00545.x10468701","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1999.00545.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels IR, Layer GT. How should gynaecomastia be managed? ANZ J Surg 73, 213\u2013216, 2003.10.1046\/j.1445-1433.2002.02584.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-1433.2002.02584.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drago F, Pellegrini-Quarantotti B, Scapagnini U, Gessa GL. Short-term endogenous hyperprolactinaemia and sexual behavior of male rats. Physiol Behav 26, 277\u2013279, 1981.10.1016\/0031-9384(81)90023-8","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(81)90023-8"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duwicquet F, Gras-Champel V, Masmoudi K. Hyperprolactinemia with galactorrhea induced by lansoprazole: A case report. Therapie 72, 691\u2013693, 2017.10.1016\/j.therap.2017.06.00229061292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2017.06.002"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_027","unstructured":"Eudravigilance. European database of suspected adverse drug reaction reports\u2013Search [Open Access to the Eudra-Vigilance]. European Database of Suspected Adverse Drug Reaction Reports \u2013 Search, 2021."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eusebi LH, Rabitti S, Artesiani ML, Gelli D, Montagnani M, Zagari RM, Bazzoli F. Proton pump inhibitors: risks of long-term use. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 32, 1295\u20131302, 2017.10.1111\/jgh.1373728092694","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13737"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira M, Mesquita M, Quaresma M, Andre S. Prolactin receptor expression in gynaecomastia and male breast carcinoma. Histopathology 53, 56\u201361, 2008.10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03059.x18613925","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03059.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galdiero M, Pivonello R, Grasso LFS, Cozzolino A, Colao A. Growth hormone, prolactin, and sexuality. J Endocrinol Invest 35, 782\u2013794, 2012.10.1007\/BF0334580528726215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345805"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia Rodriguez LA, Jick H. Risk of gynaecomastia associated with cimetidine, omeprazole, and other antiulcer drugs. Brit Med J 308, 503\u2013506, 1994.10.1136\/bmj.308.6927.50325427838136667","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6927.503"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_032","unstructured":"Haddad P, Wieck A. Antidepressant-induced hyperprolactinaemia. J Psychopharmacol 14, A28, 2000."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall TR, Harvey S, Chadwick A. Mechanism of serotonin effects on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in domestic fowl. Acta Endocrinol 104, 266\u2013271, 1983.10.1530\/acta.0.10402666227192","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1040266"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen KA. Hyperprolactinemia and the dopamine receptor. US Endocr Dis 1, 2\u20135, 2006.10.17925\/USE.2006.00.1.2b","DOI":"10.17925\/USE.2006.00.1.2b"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart E, Dunn TE, Feuerstein S, Jacobs DM. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of acute and chronic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 39, 443\u2013453, 2019.10.1002\/phar.2235645374530779194","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2235"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He B, Carleton B, Etminan M. Risk of gynecomastia with users of proton pump inhibitors. Pharmacotherapy 39, 614\u2013618, 2019.10.1002\/phar.224530865318","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2245"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidelbaugh JJ. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of vitamin and mineral deficiency: Evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Drug Saf 4, 125\u2013133, 2013.10.1177\/2042098613482484411086325083257","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098613482484"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt RI. Medical causes and consequences of hyperprolactinaemia. A context for psychiatrists. J Psychopharmacol 22, 28\u201337, 2008.10.1177\/026988110708795118477618","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107087951"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howden C, Beastall G, Reid J. An investigation into the effects of omeprazole on renal tubular function and endocrine function in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 21, 169\u2013170, 1986.10.3109\/00365528609090932","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528609090932"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_040","unstructured":"Jabbar A, Khan R, Farrukh SN. Hyperprolactinaemia induced by proton pump inhibitor. J Pak Med Assoc 60, 689\u2013690, 2010."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaynes M, Kumar AB. The risks of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors: a critical review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 10, 1\u201213, 2018.10.1177\/2042098618809927646333431019676","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098618809927"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadioglu P, Yalin AS, Tiryakioglu O, Gazioglu N, Oral G, Sanli O, Onem K, Kadioglu A. Sexual dysfunction in women with hyperprolactinemia: A pilot study report. J Urol 174, 1921\u20131925, 2005.10.1097\/01.ju.0000176456.50491.5116217346","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000176456.50491.51"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishimoto T, Watanabe K, Shimada N, Makita K, Yagi G, Kashima H. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia inhibits the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and reduces bone mineral density in male patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psych 69, 385\u2013391, 2008.10.4088\/JCP.v69n030718278991","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0307"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knegtering H, van den Bosch R, Castelein S, Bruggeman R, Sytema S, van Os J. Are sexual side effects of prolactin-raising antipsychotics reducible to serum prolactin? Psychoneuroendocrinology 33, 711\u2013717, 2008.10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.02.00818395353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.02.008"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_045","unstructured":"Knigge UP. Histaminergic regulation of prolactin secretion. Dan Med Bull 37, 109\u2013124, 1990."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krysiak R, Szkrobka W, Okopien B. The effect of bromocriptine treatment on sexual functioning and depressive symptoms in women with mild hyperprolactinemia. Pharmacol Rep 70, 227\u2013232, 2018.10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.10.00829475005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.10.008"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_047","unstructured":"La Torre D, Falorni A. Pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinemia. Ther Clin Risk Manag 3, 929\u2013951, 2007."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindquist M, Edwards IR. Endocrine adverse effects of omeprazole. Brit Med J 305, 451\u2013452, 1992.10.1136\/bmj.305.6851.45118825631392958","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6851.451"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_049","unstructured":"Luciano AA. Clinical presentation of hyperprolactinemia. J Reprod Med 44, 1085\u20131090, 1999."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundberg PO, Hulter B. Sexual dysfunction in patients with hypothalamo-pituitary disorders. Exp Clin Endocrinol 98, 81\u201388, 1991.10.1055\/s-0029-12111041778235","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211104"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacGilchrist AJ, Howden CW, Kenyon CJ, Beastall GH, Reid JL. The effects of omeprazole on endocrine function in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 32, 423\u2013425, 1987.10.1007\/BF005439803609120","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00543980"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggi M, Buvat J, Corona G, Guay A, Torres LO. Hormonal causes of male sexual dysfunctions and their management (hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders, GH disorders, and DHEA). J Sex Med 10 661\u2013677, 2013.10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02735.x22524444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02735.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: Etiology, diagnosis, and management. Sem Reprod Med 20, 365\u2013374, 2002.10.1055\/s-2002-3670912536359","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-36709"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meikle AW, Sanders SW, Tolman KG, Jennings DE, Karol MD, Gary L. Ringham GL. Effect of lansoprazole on male hormone function. Drug Invest 8, 191\u2013202, 1994.10.1007\/BF03258478","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03258478"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumdar A, Mangal NS. Hyperprolactinemia. J Hum Repr Sci 6, 168\u2013175, 2013.10.4103\/0974-1208.121400385387224347930","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.121400"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_056","unstructured":"Marken P, Haykal R, Fisher J. Management of psychotropic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Clin Pharm 11, 851\u2013856, 1992."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mat Saad AZ, Collins N, Lobo M, O\u2019Connor HJ. Proton pump inhibitors: A survey of prescribing in an Irish general hospital. Int J Clin Pract 59, 31\u201334, 2005.10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2004.00298.x15707461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2004.00298.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_058","unstructured":"Mathew B, Mathew J, Kiran Y, Geethu C, Varghese S, Ivan T. Study and assessment of appropriateness in the usage of proton pump inhibitors in a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India. Indo Am J Pharm Res 5, 2848\u20132856, 2015."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazer-Amirshahi M, Mullins PM, van den Anker J, Meltzer A, Pines JM. Rising rates of proton pump inhibitor prescribing in US emergency departments. Am J Emerg Med 32, 618\u2013622, 2014.10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.03.01924721025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.03.019"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meikle AW, Sanders SW, Tolman KG, Jennings DE, Karol MD, Gary L, Ringham GL. Effect of Lansoprazole on male hormone function. Drug Invest 8, 191\u2013202, 1994.10.1007\/BF03258478","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03258478"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milenkovic L, D\u2019Angelo G, Kelly PA, Weiner RI. Inhibition of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone release by prolactin from GT1 neuronal cell lines through prolactin receptors. Proc Nat Acad Sci U.S.A. 91, 1244\u20131247, 1994.10.1073\/pnas.91.4.1244431338108395","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.4.1244"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty BK, Choudhury AK, Baliarsinha AK. Study of clinical presentations of patients with hyperprolactinaemia visiting and therapy care hospital. J Evid Based Med Healthcare, 3, 2745\u2013274, 2016.10.18410\/jebmh\/2016\/601","DOI":"10.18410\/jebmh\/2016\/601"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molitch ME. Medication-induced hyperprolactinemia. Mayo Clin Proc 80, 1050\u20131057, 2005.10.4065\/80.8.1050","DOI":"10.4065\/80.8.1050"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_064","unstructured":"Muller P, Seitz HK, Simon B, Dammann HG, Feurle G, Huefner M, Lichtwald K, Schmidt-Gayk H. [4 weeks\u2019 administration of omeprazole: Effect on acid behavior and basal hormone levels]. Z Gastroenterol 22, 236\u2012240, 1984."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_065","unstructured":"Naqvi S, Saqib S, Khan W, Syed I. Rising use of Proton Pump inhibitors: A Karachi perspective. Sci Int (Lahore), 26, 1941\u20131944, 2014."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nardino RJ, Vender RJ, Herbert PN. Overuse of acid-suppressive therapy in hospitalized patients. Am J Gastroenterol 95, 3118\u20133122, 2000.10.1016\/S0002-9270(00)02052-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(00)02052-9"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naunton M, Peterson G, Deeks L, Young H, Kosari S. We have had a gutful: The need for deprescribing proton pump inhibitors. J Clin Pharm Ther 43, 65\u201372, 2018.10.1111\/jcpt.1261328895169","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12613"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omu AE, Al-Bader AA, Dashti H, Oriowo MA. Magnesium in human semen: Possible role in premature ejaculation. Arch Androl 46, 59\u201366, 2001.10.1080\/0148501015021116411204619","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010150211164"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Guerrero G, Amador-Munoz D, Calderon-Ospina CA, Lopez-Fuentes D, Nava Mesa MO. Proton pump inhibitors and dementia: physiopathological mechanisms and clinical consequences. Neural Plast 2018, 5257285, 2018.10.1155\/2018\/5257285588398429755512","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5257285"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paick JS, Yang JH, Kim SW, Ku JH. The role of prolactin levels in the sexual activity of married men with erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 98, 1269\u20131273, 2006.10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06507.x17125484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06507.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasina L, Nobili A, Tettamanti M, Salerno F, Corrao S, Marengoni A, Iorio A, Marcucci M, Mannucci PM, REPOSI Investigators. Prevalence and appropriateness of drug prescriptions for peptic ulcer and gastro-esophageal reflux disease in a cohort of hospitalized elderly. Eur J Int Med 22, 205\u2013210, 2011.10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.11.00921402255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.11.009"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_072","unstructured":"Patrascu OM, Chopra D, Dwivedi S. Galactorrhoea: Report of two cases. Maedica 10, 136\u2013139, 2015."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peuskens J, Pani L, Detraux J, De Hert M. The effects of novel and newly approved antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels: A comprehensive review. CNS Drugs 28, 421\u2013453, 2014.10.1007\/s40263-014-0157-3402298824677189","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0157-3"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pipaliya N, Solanke D, Rathi C, Patel R, Ingle M, Sawant P. Esomeprazole induced galactorrhea: A novel side effect. Clin J Gastroenterol 9, 13\u201316, 2016.10.1007\/s12328-015-0622-726661629","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-015-0622-7"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prieto OI, Alia EM, Gonzalez AR. Galactorrea inducida por lansoprazol. Atencion Primaria 34, 325, 2004.10.1016\/S0212-6567(04)79506-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0212-6567(04)79506-2"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prikis M, MacDougall J, Narasimhadevara N. Proton pump inhibitor-induced galactorrhea in a kidney transplant recipient: a friend or foe? Case Rep Transplant 8108730, 2020.10.1155\/2020\/8108730725407932566351","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8108730"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_077","unstructured":"Rajgadhi H, Makwana H, Malhotra S, Patel P. Levosulpiride and esomeprazole induced hyperprolactinemia case report of drug induced hyperprolactinemia. Natl J Integr Res Med 8, 158\u2013160, 2017."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenshein B, Flockhart DA, Ho H. Induction of testosterone metabolism by esomeprazole in a CYP2C19*2 heterozygote. Am J Med SCi 327, 289\u2013293, 2004.10.1097\/00000441-200405000-0003215166754","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200405000-00032"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachs G, Shin JM, Howden CW. Review article: The clinical pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23, 2\u20138, 2006.10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02943.x16700898","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02943.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansone A, Romanelli F, Sansone M, Lenzi A, Di Luigi L. Gynecomastia and hormones. Endocrine 55, 37\u201344, 2017.10.1007\/s12020-016-0975-927145756","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0975-9"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartorio A, Pizzocaro A, Liberati D, De Nicolao G, Veldhuis JD, Faglia G. Abnormal LH pulsatility in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea normalizes after bromocriptine treatment: Deconvolution-based assessment. Clin Endocrinol 52, 703\u2013712, 2000.10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00987.x28796358","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00987.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheiman JM. The use of proton pump inhibitors in treating and preventing NSAID-induced mucosal damage. Arthr Res Ther 15, 1\u20136, 2013.10.1186\/ar4177389101024267413","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4177"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnell SA, You S, El Halawani ME. D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Brain and Pituitary during the Reproductive Cycle of the Turkey Hen1. Biol Reprod 60, 1378\u20131383, 1999.10.1095\/biolreprod60.6.137810330096","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod60.6.1378"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_084","unstructured":"Shafi S, Soomro R, Abbas SZ. Proton pump inhibitors\u2013overprescribed in a rural community. Pak J Med Sci 27, 300\u2013302, 2011."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shibli-Rahhal A, Schlechte J. The effects of hyperprolactinemia on bone and fat. Pituitary 12, 96\u2013104, 2009.10.1007\/s11102-008-0097-318338266","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-008-0097-3"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin JM, Sachs, G. Pharmacology of proton pump inhibitors. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 10, 528\u2013534, 2008.10.1007\/s11894-008-0098-4285523719006606","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-008-0098-4"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith S, Wheeler MJ, Murray R, O\u2019Keane V. The effects of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 22, 109\u2013114, 2002.10.1097\/00004714-200204000-00002","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200204000-00002"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snowdon CT, Ziegler TE. Variation in prolactin is related to variation in sexual behavior and contact affiliation. PloS One 10, e0120650, 2015.10.1371\/journal.pone.0120650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120650"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soran H, Wu FCW. Endocrine causes of erectile dysfunction. Int J Androl 28, 28\u201334, 2005.10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00596.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00596.x"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stobie KM, Shin SH. Serotonin stimulates prolactin secretion in the hypophysectomized adenohypophyseal grafted rat. Acta Endocrinol 102, 511\u2013516, 1983.10.1530\/acta.0.1020511","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1020511"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thanoon IAJ, Mahmood AQ. Effect of omeprazole on reproductive hormonal levels and sexual function in male patients with peptic ulcer disease. Al-Qadisiyah Med J 7, 190\u2013198, 2011. Tian C. Can vitamin B12 deficiency cause infertility? Firstcry Parenting 2018.10.28922\/qmj.2011.7.12.190-198","DOI":"10.28922\/qmj.2011.7.12.190-198"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toprak O, Sari Y, Koc A, Sari E, Kirik A. The impact of hypomagnesemia on erectile dysfunction in elderly, non-diabetic, stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease patients: A prospective cross-sectional study. Clin Interv Aging, 12, 437\u2013444, 2017.10.2147\/CIA.S129377","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S129377"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touitou Y, Haus E. Ageing and the endocrine circadian system. NeuroImmune Biology 4, 165\u2013193, 2004.10.1016\/S1567-7443(04)80013-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-7443(04)80013-9"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_094","unstructured":"Urbas R, Huntington W, Napoleon L, Wong P, Mullin J. Malabsorption-related issues associated with chronic proton pump inhibitor usage. Austin J Nutr Metab 3, 1041, 2016."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Vliet EP, Otten HJ, Rudolphus A, Knoester PD, Hoogsteden HC, Kuipers EJ, Siersema PD. Inappropriate prescription of proton pump inhibitors on two pulmonary medicine wards. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20, 608\u2013612, 2008.10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282f52f9518679061","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282f52f95"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_096","unstructured":"Van Vugt DA, Meites J. Influence of endogenous opiates on anterior pituitary function. Fed Proc 8, 2533\u20132538, 1980."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhelst J, Abs R. Hyperprolactinemia. Treat Endocrinol 2, 23\u201332, 2003.10.2165\/00024677-200302010-0000315871552","DOI":"10.2165\/00024677-200302010-00003"},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_098","unstructured":"VigiAccess. World Health Organization. Open Access to the WHO Global Pharmacovigilance Database. World Health Organization, 2021."},{"key":"2026042722154727946_j_enr-2022-0015_ref_099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voicu V, Medvedovici A, Ranetti AE, Radulescu FS. Drug-induced hypo- and hyperprolactinemia: Mechanisms, clinical and therapeutic consequences. Exp Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 9, 955\u2013968, 2013.10.1517\/17425255.2013.79128323600946","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2013.791283"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Regulations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/enr-2022-0015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T03:48:00Z","timestamp":1777348080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/enr-2022-0015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/enr-2022-0015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/enr-2022-0015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1336-0329"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1336-0329","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}}}