{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1773800971251,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Pensoft Publishers","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare manifestation of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection with extremely high relapse frequency, poorly understood immunopathogenesis, and lack of efficient treatment. Immunotherapy with Calgevax (BCG) in combination with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> surgery significantly improves the outcome of RRP. The present study investigates cellular immunity parameters in RRP patients, and the effects of 20-month Calgevax immunomodulation. <\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>MATERIALS AND METHODS: RRP patients (n = 15) subjected to combined therapy were tested before, 6, 12 and 20 months after the start of immunomodulation. Absolute counts and percentage of T, B and NK cells, effector Tc1 (CD8 + IFN\u03b3+); Th1 (CD4+IFN\u03b3+), Th17 (CD4+IL-17+) and regulatory (CD4+FoxP3+) T lymphocytes, as well as the in vitro stimulated secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN\u03b3 and TNF\u03b1 were determined by flow cytometry (FACSCanto II, BD). <\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>RESULTS: While no significant changes were detected in the circulating T, B and NK subsets, RRP patients presented increased proportions of Tc1, Th1 and Th17 cells, and significantly reduced IFN\u03b3\/IL-4 and IFN\u03b3\/IL-10 ratios as compared to healthy controls (15% vs. 8%), (58 vs. 139 and 15 vs. 26, respectively), p &lt; 0.05 for all comparisons. Increased Treg (9% vs. 4%), and decreased Th17 effectors share (0.7% vs. 0.4%) were observed at 12 months, while IFN\u03b3\/IL-4 and IFN\u03b3\/IL-10 ratios were restored after 20 months of Calgevax application. <\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>CONCLUSIONS: Antiviral response closely depends on cytokine background. Calgevax potentiates Treg differentiation at the expense of proinflammatory Th17, limits hyperactivation and virus-specific T cell clones depletion, and restores a Th1 cytokine background.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/folmed-2013-0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T15:37:04Z","timestamp":1376926624000},"page":"49-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effects of Bcg in Patients with Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis \/ \u0418\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u042d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0412\u0441g \u0423 \u041f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0421 \u0420\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0437\u043e\u043c"],"prefix":"10.3897","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Evelina K.","family":"Vetskova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariya N.","family":"Muhtarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toma I.","family":"Avramov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsvetelina R.","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan J.","family":"Chalakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria H.","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2258","container-title":["Folia Medica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/folmed\/55\/1\/article-p49.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/folmed.2013.55.issue-1\/folmed-2013-0005\/folmed-2013-0005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T18:36:19Z","timestamp":1565807779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/folmed\/55\/1\/article-p49.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/folmed-2013-0005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1314-2143","0204-8043"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1314-2143","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0204-8043","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}}}