{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:34:20Z","timestamp":1784831660015,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Trichinellosis is a nematode-causing disease distinguished by its continuous transmission in the carnivores and omnivores. Despite effective eradication of the enteral forms, conventional drugs fail to eliminate the migrating and muscle ones. Over the past years, researchers intensified the work on herbal medicines as alternatives or aids to albendazole, the reference drug. This research hypothesizes that the therapeutic agent absorption route could be an evidence-based carrier molecule or auxiliary drug to albendazole. Accordingly, this\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    study was designed to investigate mainly the phenotypic changes induced by a mono-treatment of albendazole,\n                    <jats:italic>Lipidium sativum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (garden cress), and\n                    <jats:italic>Commiphora molmol<\/jats:italic>\n                    (myrrh). Incredibly, no data were reported on the morphological alterations of\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae treated by any of these drugs. The experimental design tested various concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 \u03bcg\/ml) of each herbal medicine for the lethal effects on the parasite forms for a day (1, 12, and 24h). The data showed that the highest significant mortality rate of the parasite forms was in favor of the concentration 200 \u03bcg\/ml of both plant extracts in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, albendazole at 200 \u03bcg\/ml dose was tested in parallel, and all experimental groups were compared to non-treated muscle larvae and worms. Albendazole-treated worms accounted for the least significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p&lt;0.001<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) survival rate (2 %), followed by myrrh (5 %), and the adverse was valid for the survival rate of the muscle larvae at that time. None of the larvae\/worms was alive after 24 hours of incubation with the 200\u03bcg\/ml of either treatment. The scanning electron microscope investigation of the experimental groups provided a shred of evidence for different routes of taking up the candidate drugs by the parasite. In conclusion, the results of the previous work\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and current\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    study recommend myrrh over garden cress as a complementary agent of albendazole.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2022-0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T11:58:22Z","timestamp":1651579102000},"page":"37-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Phenotypic changes of\n                    <i>Trichinella spiralis<\/i>\n                    treated by\n                    <i>Commiphora molmol,Lepidium sativum<\/i>\n                    , and Albendazole:\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    study"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"G. L.","family":"Abuelenain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation , TBRI , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z. H.","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation , TBRI , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Elshennawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation , TBRI , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. H. A.","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Lab, Department of Immunology and Drug Evaluation , TBRI , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Elhakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources and Environmental Engineering , ADU , UAE"},{"name":"University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. M. A.","family":"Hassanein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscope Department, Assuit University , Asyut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatima College of Health Sciences , IAT, ADU UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-Elrahman, S.M., Dyab, A.K., Mahmoud, A.E., Mostafa, S.M., Elossily, N.A. (2020): Anti-Parasitic Activity of Myrrh Crude Extract and Myrrh Volatile Oil Compared to Albendazole Against Trichinella spiralis Muscular Larvae in vitro J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 50(2): 307\u2013314. DOI: 10.21608\/JESP.2020.113052","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2020.113052"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelal, M.M.O., Brennan, G.P., Abdel-Aziz A., Fairweather, I. (2017): Ultrastructural changes to the tegumental system and gastrodermal cells of adult Fasciola hepatica following treatment in vivo with a commercial preparation of myrrh (Mirazid). J Helminthol, 91(6): 672\u2013685. DOI: 10.1017\/S0022149X16000705","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X16000705"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Aty, A.M., Basuiny, R.I., Barakat, A.Z., Mohamed, S.A. (2019): Upgrading the phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garden cress seeds using solid-state fermentation by Trichoderma reesei J Appl Microbiol, 127(5): 1454\u20131467. DOI: 10.1111\/jam.14394","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14394"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abou Rayia, D.M., Sad, A.E., Ashour, D.S., Oreiby, R.M. (2017): Implication of artemisinin nematocidal activity on experimental trichinellosis: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Parasitol Int, 66(2): 56\u201363. DOI: 10.1016\/j.parint.2016.11.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.11.012"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuelenain, G.L., Fahmy, Z.H., Elshennawy A.M., Fahmy A.M., Ali E.M., Hammam O., Abdel-Aziz A.W.A (2021): The potency of Lepidium sativum and Commiphora molmol extracts on Trichinella spiralis stages and host interaction. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 9(9): 1376\u20131382. DOI: 10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2021\/9.9.1376.1382","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2021\/9.9.1376.1382"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_006","unstructured":"Abu El Ezz, N.M. (2005): Effect of Nigella sativa and Allium cepa oils on Trichinella spiralis in experimentally infected rats. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 35(2), 511\u2013523"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, N., Hasan, N., Ahmad, Z., Zishan, M., Zohramena, S. (2016): Momordica charantia: for traditional uses and pharmacological actions. J. Drug Deliv. Ther., 6(2): 40\u201344. DOI: 10.22270\/jddt.v6i2.1202","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v6i2.1202"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullah Al Qahtani, W., Sandeepa , N.C., Khalid Abdullah, E., Mohammed Mousa, Y., Abdulhade Ganem, A., Ali Alqahtani, E., Alkhayri, A. (2020): A Clinical Study Comparing the Efficacy of SesameOil with Desensitizing Tooth Paste in Reducing Dentinal Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Dent, 2020 6410102. DOI: 10.1155\/2020\/6410102","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6410102"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez G.A., Franconeri S.L. (2007): How many objects can you track?: Evidence for a resource-limited attentive tracking mechanism. J Vis, 7(13): 14. DOI: 10.1167\/7.13.14","DOI":"10.1167\/7.13.14"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias-Diaz, J., Zuloaga, J., Vara, E., Balibrea, J., Balibrea, J.L. (2006): Efficacy of albendazole against Anisakis simplex larvae in vitro Dig Liver Dis, 38(1), 24\u201326. DOI: 10.1016\/j.dld.2005.09.004 Attia, R.A., Mahmoud, A.E., Farrag, H.M., Makboul, R., Mohamed, M.E., Ibraheim, Z. (2015): Effect of myrrh and thyme on Trichinella spiralis enteral and parenteral phases with inducible nitric oxide expression in mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 110(8): 1035\u20131041. DOI: 10.1590\/0074-02760150295","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150295"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balunas, M.J., Kinghorn D. (2005): Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Minireview. Life Sci, 87: 431\u2013441. DOI: 10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.012"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basyoni M.M., El-Saba A.A. (2013): Therapeutic potential of myrrh and ivermectin against experimental Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Korean J Parasitol, 51(3): 297\u2013304. DOI: 10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.3.297","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.3.297"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berntzen, A.K. (1965): Comparative growth and development of Trichinella spiralis in vitro and in vivo, with a redescription of the life cycle. Exp Parasitol, 16(1): 74\u2013106. DOI: 10.1016\/00144894(65)90035-4","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(65)90035-4"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bol\u00e1s-Fernandez, F. (2002): Total anaerobiosis during in vitro culture in conventional cell culture media is required for retaining infectivity of Trichinella spiralis L1 larvae. J Parasitol, 88(4): 794\u2013796. DOI: 10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0794:TADIVC]2.0.CO;2","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0794:TADIVC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruce, R. (1970): Trichinella spiralis: Fine structure of body wall with special reference to formation and moulting of cuticle. Exp Parasitol, 28(3): 499\u2013511. DOI: 10.1016\/0014-4894(70)90118-9","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(70)90118-9"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bughdadi, F.A. (2010): Ultrastructural studies on the parasitic worm Trichinella spiralis J Taibah Univ Sci, 3: 33\u201338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1658-3655(12)60018-1"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caner, A., D\u00f6\u015fkaya, M., De\u011firmenci, A., Can, H., Baykan, S., Uner, A., Ba\u015fdemir, G., Zeybek, U., G\u00fcr\u00fcz, Y. (2008): Comparison of the effects of Artemisia vulgaris and Artemisia absinthium growing in western Anatolia against trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis) in rats. Exp Parasitol, 119(1): 173\u2013179. DOI: 10.1016\/j.exppa-ra.2008.01.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.01.012"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatoui, K., Harhar, H., El Kamli, T., Tabyaoui, M. (2020): Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Lepidium sativum Seeds from Four Regions of Morocco. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2020: Article ID 7302727. DOI: 10.1155\/2020\/730272","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7302727"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhou, C., Ge, Z., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Feng, W., Li, S., Chen, G., Wei, T. (2013): Composition and potential anticancer activities of essential oils obtained from myrrh and frankincense. Oncol Lett, 6(4), 1140\u20131146. DOI: 10.3892\/ol.2013.1520","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1520"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elisondo, M., Dopchiz, M., Ceballos, L., Alvarez, L., Bruni, S. S., Lanuse, C., Denegri, G. (2006): In vitro effects of flubendazole on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Parasitol Res, 98(4): 317\u2013323. DOI: 10.1007\/s00436-005-0026-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-0026-6"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, J.J., Torrado, J.J., Bol\u00e1s, F. (2001): Improving bioavailability and anthelmintic activity of albendazole by preparing albendazole-cyclodextrin complexes. Parasite, 8(2 Suppl): S188\u2013190. DOI: 10.1051\/parasite\/200108s2188","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/200108s2188"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, J.J., Andr\u00e9s, M.F., Iba\u00f1ez-Escribano, A., Julio, L.F., Burillo, J., Bol\u00e1s-Fern\u00e1ndez, F., Gonz\u00e1lez-Coloma, A. (2015): Selective nematocidal effects of essential oils from two cultivated Artemisia absinthium populations. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci, 70(910): 275\u2013280. DOI: 10.1515\/znc-2015-0109","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2015-0109"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_023","unstructured":"Gilani, S.A., Fujii, Y., Shinwari, Z.K., Adnan, M., Kikuchi, A., Watanabe, K.N. (2010): Phytotoxic studies of medicinal plant species of Pakistan. Pak J Bot 42(2): 987\u2013996"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gottstein, B., Pozio, E., N\u00f6ckler, K. (2009): Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 22: 127\u2013145. DOI: 10.1128\/CMR.00026-08","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00026-08"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, P., Wang Z.Q., Cui, J., Zhang, X. (2012): Comparison of artificial digestion and Baermann\u2019s methods for detection of Trichinella spiralis pre-encapsulated larvae in muscles with low-level infections. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 9(1): 27\u201331. DOI: 10.1089\/fpd.2011.0985","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0985"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, B.F., Capello, M. (2004): Nematodes. In: Johnson, L.R. (Ed) Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology. Elsevier: 692\u2013695. DOI: 10.1016\/B0-12-386860-2\/00779-6","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-386860-2\/00779-6"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamus tafa, S.D., Mansour N., Demirci, B., Ankli, A., Ba\u015fer, K.H.C., Bickle, Q., Tasdemir, D. (2011): In vitro effect of Myrrh extracts on the viability of Schistosoma mansoni larvae. Planta Med, 77(12): 1317\u20131317. DOI:10.1055\/s-0031-1282430","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1282430"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koci\u0119cka, W. (2000): Trichinellosis: Human disease, diagnosis and treatment. Vet Parasitol, 93(3-4): 365\u2013383. DOI: 10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00352-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00352-6"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kop, A., Barmina, O., Hamilton, A.M., Higins, L., McIntyre, L.M., Jones, C.D. (2008): Evolution of gene expression in the Drosophila olfactory system. Mol Biol Evol, 25(6): 1081\u20131092. DOI: 10.1093\/molbev\/msn055","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn055"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozek, W.J. (2020): Morphology and Life Cycle of Trichinella spiralis Elucidated by Electron Microscopy Techniques. Microsc Microanal, 26(S1): 119\u2013120. DOI: 10.1017\/S1431927620000811","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927620000811"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacey, E. (1990): Mode of action of benzimidazoles. Parasitol Today, 6(4): 112\u2013115. DOI: 10.1016\/0169-4758(90)90227-u","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(90)90227-U"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalthanpuii, P.B., Lalchhandama, K. (2020): Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anthelmintic activity of Imperata cylindrica underground parts. BMC Complement Med Ther, 20(1), 332. DOI: 10.1186\/s12906-020-03125-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03125-w"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, S.H., Kim, S.S., Le, D.H., Kim, A.R., Quan, F.S. (2016): Evaluation of protective efficacy induced by virus-like particles containing a Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory (ES) protein in mice. Parasit Vectors, 9(1): 384. DOI: 10.1186\/s13071-016-1662-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1662-7"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackenstedt, U., Schmidt, S., Mehlhorn, H., Stoye, M., Traeder, W. (1993): Effects of pyrantel pamoate on adult and preadult Toxocara canis worms: an electron microscope and autoradiography study. Parasitol Res, 79(7), 567\u2013578. DOI: 10.1007\/BF00932241 Markoski, M.M., Trindade, E.S., Cabrera, G., Laschuk, A., Galanti, N., Zaha, A., Nader, H.B., Ferreira, H.B. (2006): Praziquantel and albendazole damaging action on in vitro developing Mesocestoides corti (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda). Parasitol Int, 55(1): 51\u201361. DOI: 10.1016\/j.parint.2005.09.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.09.005"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_035","unstructured":"Ohio State University (2001): \u201cTrichinella spiralis (Trichinellosis or trichinosis)\u201d Parasites and Parasitological Resources. Retrieved October 07, 2004 from http:\/\/www.biosci.ohio-state.edu\/~parasite\/trichinella.html"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozkoc, G., Kemaloglu, S. (2009): Morphology, biodegradability, mechanical, and thermal properties of nanocomposite films based on PLA and plasticized PLA. J Appl Polym Sci, 114(4): 2481\u20132487. DOI: 10.1002\/app.30772","DOI":"10.1002\/app.30772"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Jeong, D., Song, M., Kim, B. (2021): Recent Advances in Anti-Metastatic Approaches of Herbal Medicines in 5 Major Cancers: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Drug Discovery. Antioxidants (Basel), 10(4): 527. DOI: 10.3390\/antiox10040527","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040527"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Serrano, J., Casado, N., Denegri, G., Rodriguez-Cabeiro, F. (1994): The effects of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide combination-therapy on Echinococcus granulosus in vitro Int J Parasitol, 24: 219\u2013224","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)90029-9"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, A.Q., Bakhsh, A., Kiani, S., Shahzad, K., Shahid, A.A., Husnain, T., Riazuddin, S. (2009): RETRACTED: The myth of plant transformation. Biotechnol Adv, 27(6): 753\u2013763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2009.04.028"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_040","unstructured":"Rong-Yu, Y., Feng-qi, Y. (2015): Progress in Treatment and Prevention of Trichinellosis. J Infect Dis Ther, 3: 251. DOI: 10.4172\/23320877.1000251"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan, Q. Y., Sang, X. N., Hui, H., Shou, Q. Y., Fu, H. Y., Hao, M., Liu, K. H., Zhang, Q. Y., Cao, G., Qin, L. P. (2020): Processing and polyherbal formulation of Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Juss.) Hartley: Phytochemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity. Front Pharmacol, 11: 133. DOI: 10.3389\/fphar.2020.00133","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00133"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shibata, M. A., Khan, I. A., Iinuma, M., Shirai, T. (2012): Natural Products for Medicine. J Biomed Biotechnol, 2012: 147120. DOI: 10.1155\/2012\/147120","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/147120"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Lin, Z., Liao, Km, Xi, Z., Wang, D. (2015): Adverse effects of coal combustion related fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Total Environ, 251\u2013260, 512-513(C). DOI: 10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.058"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, D., Geary, T. (1995): The structure and function of helminth surfaces. In: Marr, J.J., Muller, M. (Eds) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Parasites. London: Academic Press. pp. 203\u2013232","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012473345-9\/50013-1"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urrea-Par\u00eds, M.A., Moreno, M.J., Casado, N., Rodriguez-Cabeiro, F. (2000): In vitro effect of praziquantel and albendazole combination therapy on the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus Parasitol Res, 86: 957\u2013964. DOI: 10.1007\/pl00008526","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008526"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visiennon, C., Goos, K.H., Goos, O., Nieber, K. (2015): Antispasmodic effects of myrrh due to calcium antagonistic effects in inflamed rat small intestinal preparations. Planta Med, 81(02), 116\u2013122. DOI: 10.1055\/s-0034-1383391","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383391"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, M., Rosignol, J.F., Torgerson, P., Hemphill, A (2004): In vitroeffects of nitazoxanide on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces and metacestodes. J Antimicrob Chemother, 54: 609\u2013616. DOI: 10.1093\/jac\/dkh386","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh386"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.Q., Shi, Y.L., Liu, R.D., Jiang, P., Guan, Y.Y., Chen, Y.D., Cui, J. (2017): New insights on serodiagnosis of trichinellosis during window period: early diagnostic antigens from Trichinella spiralis intestinal worms. Infect Dis Poverty, 6(1): 41. DOI: 10.1186\/s40249-017-0252-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0252-z"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, A.K., Temjenmongla (2012): Efficacy of Lasia spinosa leaf extract in treating mice infected with Trichinella spiralis Parasitol Res, 110(1): 493\u2013498. DOI: 10.1007\/s00436-011-2551-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2551-9"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan-Rong, Yu, Young-Fen, Qi (2015): Progress in Treatment and Prevention of Trichinellosis. J Infect Dis Ther, 3(6): 251. DOI: 10.4172\/2332-0877.1000251","DOI":"10.4172\/2332-0877.1000251"},{"key":"2026042808563675914_j_helm-2022-0005_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., Piao, G. (2016): The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules, 21(5): 559. DOI: 10.3390\/molecules21050559","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050559"}],"container-title":["Helminthologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/helm-2022-0005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:58:06Z","timestamp":1777395486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/helm-2022-0005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/helm-2022-0005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/helm-2022-0005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1336-9083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1336-9083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}}}