{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:27:21Z","timestamp":1787146041853,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study investigates the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    eggs in soil samples collected from urban areas in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 3600 soil samples were collected over two years from Lahore\u2019s urban regions. The detection of helminth eggs in these samples was performed using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as a diagnostic technique. The study reveals an overall prevalence rate of\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 0.97 % (35 out of 3600) in the contaminated soil samples from Lahore\u2019s slum areas. When analyzing the data by geographical areas, the study found the highest prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Allama Iqbal Town (1.83 %, 11 out of 600), followed by Samanabad (1.16 %, 7 out of 600), Wapda Town (1.00 %, 6 out of 600), Gulberg (1.00 %, 6 out of 600), and Cantt (0.50 %, 3 out of 600). Conversely, Valencia Town had the lowest prevalence rate at 0.33 % (2 out of 600). However, these variations in prevalence rates were not statistically significant (p = 0.117). Prevalence rates of\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s eggs varied significantly across different sampling seasons (p&gt;0.001). In autumn, a total of 900 soil samples were collected, with 19 samples (2.11 %) testing positive for\n                    <jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This rate was notably higher compared to the prevalence rates observed in winter, spring, and summer, which were 0.66 %, 0.22 %, and 0.88 %, respectively. Regarding the sampling months, the study observed a significantly higher prevalence during September (3.33 %, 10 out of 300), followed by October (2.33 %, 7 out of 300), and August (1.33 %, 4 out of 300). Prevalence rates gradually decreased in other months, ranging from 1 % to 0.33 % (3 to 1 out of 300), with no parasite detection in March (0 %, 0 out of 300) (p &lt; 0.001). This research underscores soil contamination due to fecal waste and highlights public unawareness of parasite biology, driven by open defecation practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2024-0009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T15:29:27Z","timestamp":1713886167000},"page":"11-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal and spatial patterns of\n                    <i>Trichuris trichiura<\/i>\n                    eggs: a potential threat to human health in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"S. A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology , University of the Punjab , Quaid-i-Azam Campus , Lahore , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Niaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan , Mardan , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Nasreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan , Mardan , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan , Mardan , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Shafeeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , University of Karachi , Karachi - , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Aguilar-Marcelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinariaen Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla , No. 8534, Col. Progreso, CP Jiutepec , Morelos , Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. A.","family":"Safi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WWF , Lahore , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaukat Khanum Hospital , Lahore - 03004246819 , Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"De La Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ronda de Toledo 12 , Ciudad Real , Spain"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences , Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ben Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet , University of Manouba , Manouba , Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology at the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet , University of Manouba , Manouba , Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081912524614075_j_helm-2024-0009_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alelign, T., Degarege, A., Erko, B. 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