{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:27:25Z","timestamp":1787146045094,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ocular and orbital dirofilariasis, though rare, can mimic common eye infections or other conditions and lead to misdiagnosis. We present a series of four patients with ocular and orbital dirofilariasis in Sisak-Moslavina County of Croatia, emphasizing the variable clinical presentations and diagnostic challenges. Ocular dirofilariasis should be considered in patients with unexplained symptoms, particularly in endemic or rural areas. Detailed anamnesis and timely surgical intervention are essential for accurate diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2025-0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T07:22:07Z","timestamp":1772436127000},"page":"365-368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ocular and orbital dirofilariasis: A case series from Sisak-Moslavina County"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Prpi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital Dr. Ivo Pedi\u0161i\u0107 , Sisak , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Groma\u010da-Grgi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital Dr. Ivo Pedi\u0161i\u0107 , Sisak , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Vukeli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital Dr. Ivo Pedi\u0161i\u0107 , Sisak , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Vidi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital Dr. Ivo Pedi\u0161i\u0107 , Sisak , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Mila\u0161inovi\u0107 Ivekovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ivekovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice , Zagreb , Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081912530553198_j_helm-2025-0035_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghajani, A., Rajabi, M.T., Rafizadeh, S.M., Rahmanikhah, E., Samiee, R., Homayuni, M.R.A, Zand, A. 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(2022): Subconjunctival dirofilariasis: a case report from the United Arab Emirates and review of literature from the Arabian Gulf region. IJID Reg, 3: 126 \u2013 128. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.03.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.03.014"},{"key":"2026081912530553198_j_helm-2025-0035_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelsberg, K., Bl\u00e4ckberg, J. (2022): Dirofilaria repens infection of the eye. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 12(1): 13. DOI: 10.1186\/s12348-022-00290-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-022-00290-6"},{"key":"2026081912530553198_j_helm-2025-0035_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jange, R.G., Koka, K., Alam, M.S., Krishnakumar, S., Muthusamy, R., Biswas, J. (2024): A rare case of lacrimal sac dirofilariasis confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Orbit, 43(6): 755 \u2013 757. DOI: 10.1080\/01676830.2023.2278611","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2023.2278611"},{"key":"2026081912530553198_j_helm-2025-0035_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, V.K., Verghese, A., Basaiawmoit, P., Janakiraman, N., Raman, M., Biswas, J. (2023): Removal and identification of a subconjunctival parasite by light and scanning electron microscopy. Indian J Ophthalmol, 71(9): 3270. DOI: 10.4103\/IJO.IJO_830_23","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_830_23"},{"key":"2026081912530553198_j_helm-2025-0035_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mom\u010dilovi\u0107, S., Jovanovi\u0107, A., Gasser, R.B. (2025): Human dirofilariasis - A potentially significant nematode zoonosis in an era of climate change. J Infect, 90(4): 106460. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106460"},{"key":"2026081912530553198_j_helm-2025-0035_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morosanu, S., Don, R., Morosanu, V. 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