{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:27:26Z","timestamp":1787146046792,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fish are an essential source of high-quality protein and micronutrients. Yet parasitic infections often compromise safety. Anisakid nematodes, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Hysterothylacium thalassini<\/jats:italic>\n                    , are widely distributed in marine fish, including the greater lizardfish\n                    <jats:italic>Saurida tumbil<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and pose potential risks to human health. Infection with anisakid larvae is associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, immune dysregulation, and apoptosis. Natural products rich in bioactive compounds may provide effective protection against these pathological effects. Desert truffles (\n                    <jats:italic>Terfezia claveryi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) possess well-documented antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, but their activity against anisakid infections remains poorly characterized. This study investigated the protective effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Terfezia claveryi<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract (TCE) against experimental\n                    <jats:italic>H. thalassini<\/jats:italic>\n                    third-stage (L3) larval infection in a murine model, focusing on antioxidant activity, hematological changes, splenic immune responses, and Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. TCE was prepared by methanol\u2013water extraction, and its antioxidant potential was evaluated using the FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays. Forty male C57BL\/6 mice were allocated into eight groups, including uninfected controls, TCE-treated mice, and mice infected with fresh, thermal, or frozen L3 larvae, with or without TCE treatment. After 14 days, hematological indices, spleen index, and Caspase-3 expression were assessed using immunohistochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and ELISA. Larval infection induced significant anemia, leukocytosis, splenomegaly, and marked upregulation of Caspase-3, indicating enhanced oxidative stress and apoptotic activity. TCE administration significantly improved hemoglobin, red blood cell, hematocrit, platelet, and white blood cell values and reduced the spleen index. Caspase-3 expression was downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels, with ELISA-confirmed reductions in apoptotic markers (from 1178.37 \u00b1 64.94 pg\/mL in untreated infected mice to 744.79 \u00b1 65.82 pg\/mL following treatment). In conclusion, TCE exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects that alleviate\n                    <jats:italic>H. thalassini<\/jats:italic>\n                    -induced hematological and splenic alterations, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic candidate against fishborne parasitic infections globally.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2025-0038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T07:22:06Z","timestamp":1772436126000},"page":"340-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunomodulatory effects of\n                    <i>Terfezia claveryi<\/i>\n                    extract against experimental\n                    <i>Hysterothylacium thalassini<\/i>\n                    infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science , King Saud University , , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Abdel-Gaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science , King Saud University , , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Al Quraishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science , King Saud University , , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Santourlidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics , Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf , D\u00fcsseldorf , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. M.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science , Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Al-Shaebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science , King Saud University , , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, M.T. (2019): The prophylactic and protective effects of Terfezia claveryi extracts on ibuprofen-induced oxidative stress in pregnant rats. Gazi Med J, 30(3): 273 \u2013 278","DOI":"10.12996\/gmj.2019.68"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Gaber, R., Alojayri, G., Al-Quraishy, S., Al-Shaebi, E.M., Mohammed, O.B. (2024): Morphological and molecular studies of Hysterothylacium thalassini third-stage larvae (Ascaridida, Raphidascarididae) in the greater lizardfish Saurida tumbil. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec, 76(4): e13206. DOI: 10.1590\/1678-4162-13206","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-13206"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Laith, A.A.A. (2010): Antioxidant components and antioxidant\/antiradical activities of desert truffle (Tirmania nivea) from various Middle Eastern origins. J Food Compos Anal, 23: 15 \u2013 22. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jfca.2009.07.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2009.07.005"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Quraishy, S., Abdel-Gaber, R., Alamari, G., Meryk, A., El-Ashram, S., Al-Shaebi, E.M., Dkhil, M.A. (2024): Fighting eimeriosis by using the anti-eimerial and anti-apoptotic properties of rhatany root extract. Front Immunol, 15: 1 430 960. DOI: 10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1430960","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1430960"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assinger, A. (2014): Platelets and infection \u2013 an emerging role of platelets in viral infection. Front Immunol, 5: 649. DOI: 10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00649","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00649"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Audicana, M.T., Ansotegui, I.J., De Corres, L.F., Kennedy, M.W. (2002): Anisakis simplex: Dangerous \u2013 dead and alive?. Trends Parasitol, 18: 20 \u2013 25. DOI: 10.1016\/s1471-4922(01)02152-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02152-3"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baliyan, S., Mukherjee, R., Priyadarshini, A., Vibhuti, A., Gupta, A., Pandey, R.P., Chang, C.-M. (2022): Determination of antioxidants by DPPH radical scavenging activity and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules, 27(4): 1326. DOI: 10.3390\/molecules27041326","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041326"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_008","unstructured":"Bauomy, A.A., Dkhil, M.A., Diab, M.S.M., Amer, O.S.O., Al-Quraishy, S. (2014): Response of spleen and jejunum of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni to mulberry treatment. Pak J Zool, 46(3): 753 \u2013 761"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benzie, I.F., Strain, J.J. (1996): The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cantioxidant power\u201d: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem, 239(1): 70 \u2013 76. DOI: 10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal-Valle, S., Teixeira, M.N., de Ara\u00fajo Neto, A.R., Gon\u00e7alves-Souza, T., Feitoza, B.F., Dos Santos, S.M., da Silva, A.J., da Silva, R.J., de Oliveira, M.A.B., de Oliveira, J.B. (2022): Parasitic infections, hematological and biochemical parameters suggest appropriate health status of wild coati populations in anthropic Atlantic Forest remnants. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep, 30: 100693. DOI: 10.1016\/j.vprsr.2022.100693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2022.100693"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, J.Y., Sohn, W.M., Jung, B.K. (2024): Anisakidosis in humans and animals and detection of anisakid larvae in fish and cephalopods in Korea: A literature review (1971 \u2013 2022). Ann Clin Microbiol, 27(2): 93 \u2013 130. DOI: 10.5145\/ACM.2024.27.2.6","DOI":"10.5145\/ACM.2024.27.2.6"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dela Cruz, T.T.M., Llanes, K.K.R., Toledo, J.M.S., Catabay, J.A., Fornillos, R.J.C., Fontanilla, I.K.C., Paller, V.G.V. (2022): Prevalence and molecular characterization of ascaridoid parasites of Philippine Decapterus species. J Nematol, 54(1): 1 \u2013 10. DOI: 10.2478\/jofnem-2022-0030","DOI":"10.2478\/jofnem-2022-0030"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dkhil, M.A., Aljawdah, H.M.A., Abdel-Gaber, R., Thagfan, F.A., Delic, D., Al-Quraishy, S. (2023): The effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extracts from different environmental harvesting locations on Plasmodium chabaudi-induced malaria outcome. Food Sci Technol Campinas, 43: e006723. DOI: 10.1590\/fst.006723","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.006723"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_014","unstructured":"Elsayed, E.A., Alsahli, F.D., Barakat, I.A., El Enshasy, H.A., Wadaan, M.A. (2019): Assessment of in vitro antimicrobial and anti-breast cancer activities of extracts isolated from desert truffles in Saudi Arabia. J Sci Ind Res, 78: 419 \u2013 425."},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George, J.F., Braun, A., Brusko, T.M., Joseph, R., Bolisetty, S., Wasserfall, C.H., Atkinson, M.A., Agarwal, A., Kapturczak, M.H. (2008): Suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is dependent on expression of heme oxygenase-1 in antigen-presenting cells. Am J Pathol, 173(1): 154 \u2013 160. DOI: 10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070963","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070963"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guenane, H., Bakchiche, B., Erenler, R., Yildiz, I., Mohamed, A.S., El-Shazly, M.A.M. (2024): Mineral contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Algerian Terfezia claveryi extracts. Fabad J Pharm Sci, 49(1): 19 \u2013 36. DOI: 10.55262\/fabadeczacilik.1326710","DOI":"10.55262\/fabadeczacilik.1326710"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iglesias, R., Leiro, J., Ubeira, F.M., Santamarina, M.T., Navarrete, I., Sanmart\u00edn, M.L. (1996): Antigenic cross-reactivity in mice between third-stage larvae of Anisakis simplex and other nematodes. Parasitol Res, 82: 378 \u2013 381. DOI: 10.1007\/s004360050131","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050131"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_018","unstructured":"\u0130\u015flek, C., Sar\u0131do\u011fan, B.G.O., Sevindik, M., Akata, I. (2021): Biological activities and heavy metal contents of some Pholiota species. Fresen Environ Bull, 30(6): 6109 \u2013 6114"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janakat, S., Nassar, M. (2010): Hepatoprotective activity of desert truffle (Terfezia claveryi) in comparison with the effect of Nigella sativa in the rat. Pak J Nutr, 9(1): 52 \u2013 56. DOI: 10.3923\/pjn.2010.52.56","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2010.52.56"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S. H., Jakhar, R., Kang, S.C. (2015): Apoptotic properties of polysaccharide isolated from fruiting bodies of medicinal mushroom Fomes fomentarius in human lung carcinoma cell line. Saudi J Biol Sci, 22(4): 484 \u2013 490. DOI: 10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.11.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.11.022"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kivrak, \u015e., G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, T., Kivrak, \u0130., Kaya, E., Karababa, E. (2019): Investigation of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of some Salvia species commonly grown in Southwest Anatolia using UPLC-ESI-MS\/MS. Food Sci Technol, Campinas, 39(2): 423 \u2013 431. DOI: 10.1590\/fst.32017","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.32017"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Xu, Z., Zhang, L. (2007) A new species of genus Hysterothylacium Ward et Magath, 1917 (Nematoda, Anisakidae) from Liparis tanakae (Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Acta Parasitol, 52(4): 371 \u2013 375. DOI: 10.2478\/s11686-007-0046-8","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-007-0046-8"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Zhang, L., Joo, D., Sun, S.-C. (2017): NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2: 17023. DOI: 10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D. (2001): Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method. Methods, 25(4): 402 \u2013 408. DOI: 10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menshawy, S., Essa, B., Shaaban, S., Zaid, A.A., AbouLaila, M., Wheeb, H. (2024): Prevalence and molecular characterization of Hysterothylacium species infecting Pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) in the Mediterranean Sea of Egypt. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep, 52: 101037. DOI: 10.1016\/j.vprsr.2024.101037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2024.101037"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paw\u0142owska, M., Mila-Kierzenkowska, C., Szczegielniak, J., Wo\u017aniak, A. (2023): Oxidative stress in parasitic diseases\u2014Reactive oxygen species as mediators of interactions between the host and the parasites. Antioxidants, 13(1): 38. DOI: 10.3390\/antiox13010038","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010038"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C. (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med, 26(9\u201310): 1231 \u2013 1237. DOI: 10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souna, M., Tefiani, C., Azz I, R., Chaouche, T.M. (2023): Myco-Chemical Constituents and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Terfezia claveryi Chatin from Algeria. Biol Life Sci Forum, 27","DOI":"10.3390\/IECAG2023-14980"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souna, M., Tefiani, C., Azzi, R., Chaouche, T.M., Habi, S. (2023): Mycochemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of Terfezia claveryi Chatin from Algeria. Biol Life Sci Forum, 27(1): 19. DOI: 10.3390\/IECAG2023-14980","DOI":"10.3390\/IECAG2023-14980"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tejedor-Calvo, E., Amara, K., Reis, F.S., Barros, L., Martins, A., Calhelha, R.C., Venturini, M.E., Blanco, D., Redondo, D., Marco, P., Ferreira, I.C. (2021): Chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of Tuber and Terfezia truffles. Food Res Int, 140: 110071. DOI: 10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.110071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.110071"},{"key":"2026081912530537436_j_helm-2025-0038_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veeraraghavan, V.P., Hussain, S., Balakrishna, J.P., Dhawale, L., Kullappan, M., Ambrose, J.M., Mohan, S.K. (2021): A comparative and critical review on ethnopharmacological importance of desert truffles: Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia boudieri, and Tirmania nivea. Food Rev Int, 1 \u2013 21. DOI: 10.1080\/87559129.2021.1889581","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2021.1889581"}],"container-title":["Helminthologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/helm-2025-0038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T12:55:35Z","timestamp":1787144135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/helm-2025-0038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/helm-2025-0038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/helm-2025-0038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1336-9083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1336-9083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}