{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:19:30Z","timestamp":1783354770214,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in the head and neck region. The standard therapeutic approach typically includes surgical intervention followed by adjuvant radiotherapy, which, although necessary, may significantly impair salivary gland function and disrupt redox homeostasis in the oral cavity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy on the quantity and quality of saliva, assessed through salivary biomarkers FRAS, MDA, and SOD, in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who had undergone surgical treatment and subsequent head and neck radiotherapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The study included 20 patients of both sexes, aged 41 to 76 years, who were surgically treated and subsequently underwent head and neck radiotherapy. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at two time points: before and after completion of radiotherapy. Salivary flow rate was measured immediately after collection, and following sample processing, ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined spectrophotometrically.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : The salivary flow rate was significantly reduced after radiotherapy compared to the pre-treatment values. The post-radiotherapy FRAS levels were significantly lower, whereas MDA levels were significantly higher. SOD activity was slightly higher before radiotherapy compared to the post-radiotherapy values.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Our findings confirm that radiotherapy is associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant capacity in saliva. Although antioxidants may potentially mitigate radiotherapy-induced complications, their clinical application requires caution due to the possibility of protecting the tumor cells, thereby potentially compromising the oncologic treatment outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2478\/prilozi-2026-0015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:09:41Z","timestamp":1783350581000},"page":"23-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Salivary Oxidative Stress in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Undergoing Head and Neck Radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Anastasovska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery , Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danica","family":"Popovik-Monevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery , Skopje , RN Macedonia"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry \u2013 Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanela","family":"Idoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery , Skopje , RN Macedonia"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry \u2013 Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Bozovic-Dvojakovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery , Skopje , RN Macedonia"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry \u2013 Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiro","family":"Ivanovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry \u2013 Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojan","family":"Poposki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry \u2013 Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlatko","family":"Kokolanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry \u2013 Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Andonovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry \u2013 Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Kirkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery , Skopje , RN Macedonia"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry \u2013 Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Monevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Anaesthesia , Resuscitation and Intensive Care , Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spiro","family":"Spasovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry \u2013 Skopje , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje , RN Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayuningtyas NF, Basalamah FF, Brahmanikanya GL, Mahdani FY, Parmadiati AE, Radithia D, et al. Correlation between salivary oxidative stress biomarkers and clinical severity of radiation-induced oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients. Eur J Dent. 2025;19(4):1115-1119.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0045-1809184"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan Y, Wang Z, Xu M, Li B, Huang Z, Qin S, et al. Oral squamous cell carcinomas: state of the field and emerging directions. Int J Oral Sci. 2023;15(1):44.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-023-00249-w"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idoska SS, Popovic-Monevska DA, Pepi\u0107 SS, Kirkov ALJ, Pan\u010devski GT, Bo\u017eovic SD, et al. Association of carcinoma-associated fibro-blasts with clinico-pathological parameters of oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Stomatol Naissi. 2023;39(87):2555-2568.","DOI":"10.5937\/asn2387555I"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derinda\u011f G, Akg\u00fcl HM, K\u0131z\u0131ltun\u00e7 A, \u00d6zkan H\u0130, K\u0131z\u0131ltun\u00e7 \u00d6zmen H, Akg\u00fcl N. Evaluation of saliva glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde levels in head and neck radiotherapy patients. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51(2):644-649.","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2006-84"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu C, Kamal FZ, Ciobica A, Halitchi G, Burlui V, Petroaie AD. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of oral cancer. Biomedicines. 2024;12(6):1150.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061150"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesarwala AH, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. Oxidative stress in oral diseases. Oral Dis. 2016;22(1):9-18.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12300"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raza A, Karimyan N, Watters A, Emperumal CP, Al-Eryani K, Enciso R. Efficacy of oral and topical antioxidants in the prevention and management of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30:8689-8703.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-022-07190-4"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navazesh M. Methods for collecting saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;694:72-77.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18343.x"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benzie IFF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant power: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem. 1996;239(1):70-76.","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buege JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1978;52:302-310.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem. 1974;47(3):469-474.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_012","unstructured":"DeVita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, editors. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015. p. 95-96, 136, 251-262."},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poposki B, Ivanovski K, Pejcic A, Kokolanski V, Stankovic I. Up-to-date modalities in the prevention of oral mucositis: a literature review. Acta Fac Med Naiss. 2025;42(1):13-26.","DOI":"10.5937\/afmnai42-50548"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren J, Huang R, Li Y, Chen R, Tian H, Liu C, et al. Radioprotective effects and mechanism of HL-003 on radiation-induced salivary gland damage in mice. Sci Rep. 2022;12:8419.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12581-y"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun Y-M, Wang X-Y, Zhou X-R, Zhang C, Liu K-J, Zhang F-Y, et al. Salidroside ameliorates radiation damage by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress in the submandibular gland. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(7):1414.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071414"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Likhterov I, Ru M, Ganz C, Urken ML, Chai R, Okay D, et al. Objective and subjective hyposalivation after treatment for head and neck cancer: long-term outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2018;128(12):2732-2739.","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27224"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_017","unstructured":"Malathi M, Vijay M, Shivashankara AR. The role of oxidative stress and the effect of radio-therapy on the plasma oxidant-antioxidant status in head and neck cancer. J Clin Diagn Res. 2011;5(2):249-251."},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_018","unstructured":"Dahiya K, Dhankhar R, Madaan H, Singh V, Arora K. Nitric oxide and antioxidant status in head and neck carcinoma before and after radio-therapy. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2012;42(1):94-97."},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang H, Li S, Fu X, Wen S, Chen D, Sun X, et al. Effect of blood oxidative stress indicators on oral mucositis in patients undergoing radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Med Res. 2024;29(1):573.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02137-3"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f3thov\u00e1 L, Kamodyov\u00e1 N, \u010cervenka T, Celec P. Salivary markers of oxidative stress in oral diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2015;5:73.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/479251"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160piljak B, Poposki B, Le\u0161i\u0107 S. Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: therapeutic targets and innovations. Oncol Res. 2025;33(11):3269-3292.","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2025.068395"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_022","unstructured":"Gupta A, Bhatt ML, Misra MK. Assessment of free radical-mediated damage in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients and after treatment with radiotherapy. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2010;47(2):96-99."},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabitha KE, Shyamaladevi CS. Oxidant and antioxidant activity changes in patients with oral cancer treated with radiotherapy. Oral Oncol. 1999;35:272-277.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(98)00115-8"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar V. Salivary antioxidant status following radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Int J Anat Res. 2019;7(3.2):6793-6799.","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2019.227"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_025","unstructured":"Alizadeh M, Pouramir M, Ghasemi N, Gholinia H, Hedayati M, Jenabian N. Evaluation of oxidative stress in patients with oral cancer compared with healthy subjects. J Arch Mil Med. 2021;9(2):e20843."},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buiret G, Thomas-Danguin T, Feron G. Exploring the role of oxidative stress in metallic taste during head and neck cancer treatment: a study of salivary malondialdehyde and therapeutic interventions. Preprint. 2025.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.28.25326099"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babiuch K, Bednarczyk A, Gawlik K, Pawlica-Gosiewska D, K\u0119sek B, Darczuk D, et al. Evaluation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia: a pilot study. Acta Odontol Scand. 2019;77(6):408-418.","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2019.1578409"},{"key":"2026070615580416151_j_prilozi-2026-0015_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron BD, Sekhar KR, Ofori M, Freeman ML. The role of Nrf2 in the response to normal tissue radiation injury. Radiat Res. 2018;190(2):99-106.","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15059.1"}],"container-title":["PRILOZI"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/prilozi-2026-0015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:00:39Z","timestamp":1783353639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/prilozi-2026-0015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/prilozi-2026-0015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/prilozi-2026-0015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1857-8985"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1857-8985","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}