{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:15:34Z","timestamp":1792628134202,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_raon-2018-0032_s_007_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1aab1c16b1Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tongue posture plays an important role in the etiology of anterior open bite (AOB) and articulation disorders, and is crucial for AOB treatment planning and posttreatment stability. Clinical assessment of tongue posture in children is unreliable due to anatomical limitations. The aim of the study was to present functional diagnostics using three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) assessment of resting tongue posture in comparison to clinical assessment, and the associations between the improper tongue posture, otorhinolaryngological characteristics, and articulation disorders in preschool children with AOB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_raon-2018-0032_s_008_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1aab1c16b2Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study included 446 children, aged 3\u20137 years, 236 boys and 210 girls, examined by an orthodontist to detect the prevalence of AOB. The AOB was present in 32 children. The control group consisted of 43 children randomly selected from the participants with normocclusion. An orthodontist, an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist and a speech therapist assessed orofacial and ENT conditions, oral habits, and articulation disorders in the AOB group and control group. Tongue posture was also assessed by an experienced radiologist, using 3DUS. The 3DUS assessment of tongue posture was compared to the clinical assessment of orthodontist and ENT specialist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_raon-2018-0032_s_009_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1aab1c16b3Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of AOB was 7.2%. The AOB group and the control group significantly differed regarding improper tongue posture (p &lt; 0.001), and articulation disorders (p &lt; 0.001). In children without articulation disorders from both groups, the improper tongue posture occured less frequently than in children with articulation disorders (p &lt; 0.001). After age adjustment, a statistical regression model showed that the children with the improper tongue posture had higher odds ratios for the presence of AOB (OR 14.63; p &lt; 0.001) than the others. When articulation disorders were included in the model, these odds ratios for the AOB became insignificant (p = 0.177). There was a strong association between the improper tongue posture and articulation disorders (p = 0.002). The 3DUS detected the highest number of children with improper resting tongue posture, though there was no significant difference between the 3DUS and clinical assessments done by orthodontist and ENT specialist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_raon-2018-0032_s_010_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1aab1c16b4Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 3DUS has proved to be an objective, non-invasive, radiation free method for the assessment of tongue posture and could become an important tool in functional diagnostics and early rehabilitation in preschool children with speech irregularities and irregular tongue posture and malocclusion in order to enable optimal conditions for articulation development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2018-0032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]],"date-time":"2018-09-13T05:30:53Z","timestamp":1536816653000},"page":"250-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of tongue posture and its impact on articulation disorders in preschool children with anterior open bite"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Sanda Lah","family":"Kravanja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Centre Dr Lah Kravanja , Bovec , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Hocevar-Boltezar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery , University Medical Centre Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja Marolt","family":"Music","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology , Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Jarc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery , University Medical Centre Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Verdenik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University Medical Centre Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"D.M.D, Ph.","given":"Maja","family":"Ovsenik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics , Faculty of Medicine , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_001_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballanti F, Franchi L, Cozza P. Transverse Dentoskeletal Features of Anterior Open Bite in the Mixed Dentition A Morphometric Study on Posteroanterior Films. Angle Orthod 2009; 79: 615-20. 10.2319\/071808-375.1","DOI":"10.2319\/071808-375.1"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_002_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucedero M, Fusaroli D, Franchi L, Pavoni C, Cozza P, Lione R. Long-term evaluation of rapid maxillary expansion and bite-block therapy in open bite growing subjects: A controlled clinical study. Angle Orthod 2018 88: 523-9. 10.2319\/102717-728.1","DOI":"10.2319\/102717-728.1"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_003_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1b3Aa","unstructured":"Proffit WR. Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth. Angle Orthod 1978; 48: 175-86. 10.1043\/0003-3219(1978)048<0175:ETRFIP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_004_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenlee GM, Huang GJ, Chen SSH, Chen JD, Koepsell T, Hujoel P. Stability of treatment for anterior open-bite malocclusion: A meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofac 2011; 139: 154-69. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.10.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.10.019"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_005_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1b5Aa","unstructured":"Ngan P, Fields HW. Open bite: a review of etiology and management. Pediatr Dent 1997; 19: 91-8."},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_006_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1b6Aa","unstructured":"Silvestrini-Biavati A, Salamone S, Silvestrini-Biavati F, Agostino P, Ugolini A. Anterior open-bite and sucking habits in Italian preschool children. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2016; 17: 43-6."},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_007_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuroff JP, Chen SH, Shapiro PA, Little RM, Joondeph DR, Huang GJ. Orthodontic treatment of anterior open-bite malocclusion: Stability 10 years postretention. Am J Orthod Dentofac 2010; 137: 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.06.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.06.020"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_008_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ovsenik M. Incorrect orofacial functions until 5 years of age and their association with posterior crossbite. Am J Orthod Dentofac 2009; 136: 375-81. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.03.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.03.018"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_009_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1b9Aa","unstructured":"Johnson NCL, Sandy JR. Tooth position and speech - is there a relationship? Angle Orthod 1999; 69: 306-10. 10.1043\/0003-3219(1999)069<0306:tpasit>2.3.co;2"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_010_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl F, Grabowski R, Gaebel M, Kundt G. Relationship between occlusal findings and orofacial myofunctional status in primary and mixed dentition - Part II: Prevalence of orofacial dysfunctions. J Orofac Orthop 2007; 68: 74-90. 10.1007\/s00056-007-2606-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-007-2606-9"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_011_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farronato G, Giannini L, Riva R, Galbiati G, Maspero C. Correlations between malocclusions and dyslalias. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2012; 13: 13-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pio.2012.04.003"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_012_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbi\u010d U, Verdenik I, Marolt Mu\u0161i\u010d M, Ihan Hren N. Three - dimensional ultrasound evaluation of tongue volume. Zdrav Vest 2016; 85: 228-36. 10.6016\/ZdravVestn.1477","DOI":"10.6016\/ZdravVestn.1477"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_013_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiiemae KM, Palmer JB. Tongue movements in feeding and speech. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003; 14: 413-29. 14\/6\/413[pii]","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400604"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_014_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss JP. The use of three-dimensional imaging in orthodontics. Eur J Orthod 2006; 28: 416-25. 10.1093\/ejo\/cjl025","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjl025"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_015_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ovsenik M, Volk J, Marolt MM. A 2D ultrasound evaluation of swallowing in children with unilateral posterior crossbite. Eur J Orthodont 2014; 36: 665-71. 10.1093\/ejo\/cjt028","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjt028"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_016_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng CL, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Yoshida N, Miethke RR, Lin CT. Differential diagnosis between infantile and mature swallowing with ultrasonography. Eur J Orthodont 2003; 25: 451-6. 10.1093\/Ejo\/25.5.451","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/25.5.451"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_017_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volk J, Kadivec M, Music MM, Ovsenik M. Three-dimensional ultrasound diagnostics of tongue posture in children with unilateral posterior crossbite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 138: 608-12. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.12.028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.12.028"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_018_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c18Aa","unstructured":"Graber TM, Rakosi T, Petrovic AG. Dentofacial orthopedics with functional appliances. St. Louis: Mosby; 1985."},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_019_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng CL, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Yoshida N, Chou HH, Lin CT. Comparison of tongue functions between mature and tongue-thrust swallowing - an ultrasound investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofac 2004; 125: 562-70. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.06.003"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_020_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekberg O, Hillarp B. Radiologic Evaluation of the Oral Stage of Swallowing. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1986; 27: 533-7. 10.1177\/028418518602700508","DOI":"10.1177\/028418518602700508"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_021_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiki T, Inoue M, Miyawaki S, Nagasaki T, Tanimoto K, Takano-Yamamoto T. Relationship between maxillofacial morphology and deglutitive tongue movement in patients with anterior open bite. Am J Orthod Dentofac 2004; 125: 160-7. 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.03.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.03.009"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_022_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c22Aa","unstructured":"Lauder R, Muhl ZF. Estimation of Tongue Volume from Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging. Angle Orthod 1991; 61: 175-84. 10.1043\/0003-3219(1991)061<0175:eotvfm>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_023_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng CL, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Miethke RR, Lin CT. Ultrasonographic measurement of tongue movement during swallowing. J Ultras Med 2000; 19: 15-20.","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2000.19.1.15"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_024_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe AA, Fleetham JA, Adachi S, Ryan CF. Cephalometric and computed tomographic predictors of obstructive sleep-apnea severity. Am J Orthod Dentofac 1995; 107: 589-95. 10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70101-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(95)70101-X"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_025_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c25Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Candia A, Como G, Passon P, Pedace E, Bazzocchi M. Sonographic findings in glomus tympanicum tumor. J Clin Ultrasound 2002; 30: 236-40. 10.1002\/jcu.10058","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.10058"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_026_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c26Aa","unstructured":"Pavcec Z, Zokalj I, Saghir H, Pal A, Roic G. Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis and follow-up of the muscle rupture and an arteriovenous fistula of the thigh in 12 year boy. Radiol Oncol 2006; 40: 211-5."},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_027_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c27Aa","unstructured":"Vegar-Zubovic S, Lincender L, Dizdarevic S, Sefic I, Dalagija F. Ultrasound signs of acute appendicitis in children - clinical application. clinical application. Radiol Oncol 2005; 39: 15-21+82."},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_028_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressmann T, Ackloo E, Heng CL, Irish JC. Quantitative three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of partially resected tongues. Otolaryng Head Neck 2007; 136: 799-805. 10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.11.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.11.022"},{"key":"2026071214185420599_j_raon-2018-0032_ref_029_w2aab2b8c90b1b7b1ab2b1c29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressmann T, Thind P, Uy C, Bollig C, Gilbert RW, Irish JC. Quantitative three-dimensional ultrasound analysis of tongue protrusion, grooving and symmetry: Data from 12 normal speakers and a partial glossectomee. Clin Linguist Phonet 2005; 19: 573-88. 10.1080\/02699200500113947","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200500113947"}],"container-title":["Radiology and Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/raon\/52\/3\/article-p250.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/pdf\/10.2478\/raon-2018-0032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:31:19Z","timestamp":1783902679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reference-global.com\/article\/10.2478\/raon-2018-0032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2478\/raon-2018-0032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/raon-2018-0032","relation":{},"ISSN":["1581-3207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1581-3207","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]]}}}