{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:05:23Z","timestamp":1792598723523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_raon-2021-0055_s_005\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bladder paraganglioma (BPG) is a rare extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma with variable symptoms and easy to be misdiagnosed and mishandled. The aim of the study was to document the imaging features of BPG using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_raon-2021-0055_s_006\">\n                    <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively enrolled consecutive patients with pathology-proven BPG, who underwent CT or MRI examinations before surgery between October 2009 and October 2017. The clinical characteristics, CT, and MRI features of the patients were described and analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_raon-2021-0055_s_007\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 16 patients with 16 bladder tumours (median age 51 years, 9 females) were included. Among them, 13 patients underwent CT examinations and eight patients underwent MRI examinations preoperatively. Tumour diameters ranged from 1.6\u22125.4 cm. Most of the tumours grew into the bladder cavity (n = 11) with oval shapes (n = 10) and well-defined margins (n = 14). Intratumour cystic degeneration or necrosis (n = 2) was observed. Two lesions showed peripheral tissue invasion, suggesting malignant BPGs. All 13 lesions imaged with CT exhibited slight hypoattenuation and moderate to marked enhancement. Compared to the\n                      <jats:italic>gluteus maximus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , all lesions showed slight h yperintensity in T2-weighted images, hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted images (DWI), hypointensity on apparent diffusion coefficient maps, hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and a \u201cfast in and slow out\u201d enhanced pattern on contrast-enhanced MRI images.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_raon-2021-0055_s_008\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BPGs are mostly oval-shaped, broadly-based and hypervascular bladder tumours with hypoattenuation on non-contrast CT, T2 hyperintensity, slight T1 hyperintensity compared to the muscle, marked restricted diffusion on DWI. Peripheral tissue invasion can suggest malignancy of the BPGs. All of these features contribute to preoperative decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2021-0055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T09:43:50Z","timestamp":1640857430000},"page":"46-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Bladder paraganglioma: CT and MR imaging characteristics in 16 patients"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital , Tianjin , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071212041322644_j_raon-2021-0055_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SK, Murad MH, et al. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: 1915-42. doi: 10.1210\/jc.2014-1498","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1498"},{"key":"2026071212041322644_j_raon-2021-0055_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beilan JA, Lawton A, Hajdenberg J, Rosser CJ. Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder: a systematic review of the contemporary literature. BMC Urol 2013; 13: 22. doi: 10.1186\/1471-2490-13-22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-13-22"},{"key":"2026071212041322644_j_raon-2021-0055_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin J, Zhou G, Chen X. Imaging manifestations of bladder paraganglioma. Ann Palliat Med 2020; 9: 346-51. doi: 10.21037\/apm.2020.03.09","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2020.03.09"},{"key":"2026071212041322644_j_raon-2021-0055_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma AP, Bora GS, Mavuduru RS, Panwar VK, Mittal BR, Singh SK. 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