{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T22:53:53Z","timestamp":1788821633289,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In recent years, various gene therapy strategies have been developed for cancer treatment. One of these strategies is electroporation-based delivery of therapeutic transgenes - gene electrotransfer (GET). Electrochemotherapy and GET have been combined in several contemporary preclinical and veterinary studies. In most cases, two different pulse protocols are used, each for a specific treatment. The aim of our current study was to test whether the standard pulse protocol used in daily clinical practice for electrochemotherapy can also be used for effective GET.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Experiments were performed\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a tumor (B16F10) and two normal tissue cell lines (C2C12 myoblasts and L929 fibroblasts). Four different GET protocols, three using monopolar electric pulses and one bipolar electric pulses, were tested for the GET of plasmid DNA, which codes for green fluorescent protein\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In addition, two GET protocols were chosen for\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      tumor and muscle transfection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two GET protocols using monopolar electric pulses of different voltages delivered at 1 Hz transfected B16F10 tumor cells significantly better than normal cells. GET4 protocol, which uses monopolar electric pulses at 5 kHz, again transfected the B16F10 tumor cells significantly better, but the difference to the C2C12 myoblast cells was not significant. Compared with other GET protocols, GET3 using bipolar electric pulses at 1 Hz was significantly less effective. Both the GET2 (1 Hz) and GET4 (5 kHz) protocols resulted in similar tumor transfection efficiencies, whereas only the GET4 protocol was effective for muscle transfection\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrated the efficient transfection of tumors and muscles with the GET4 pulse protocol, which is used clinically for electrochemotherapy. The use of this protocol could enable simultaneous electrochemotherapy and GET of the therapeutic gene in one session, which will significantly shorten the procedure and thus will be more tolerable for patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2025-0027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T06:02:36Z","timestamp":1745215356000},"page":"203-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficient gene transfer by pulse parameters for electrochemotherapy of cells\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    and in muscle and melanoma tumors in mice"],"prefix":"10.2478","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Masa","family":"Omerzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bostjan","family":"Markelc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona Kranjc","family":"Brezar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Sersa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Cemazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska , Izola , Slovenia"},{"name":"University of Ljubljana , Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071215474162560_j_raon-2025-0027_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayerossadat N, Maedeh T, Ali P. 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